Colorado Consumer Protection Act (Colo. Rev. Stat. 6-1-716)

Colorado Revised Statutes 2018
TITLE 6
CONSUMER AND COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS
FAIR TRADE AND RESTRAINT OF TRADE
ARTICLE 1
Colorado Consumer Protection Act
Law reviews: For article, "The Colorado Consumer Protection Act: An Update", see 29
Colo. Law. 37 (Jan. 2000); for article, "The Law of Trade Secrecy and Covenants Not to
Compete in Colorado - Part I", see 30 Colo. Law. 7 (April 2001); for article, "The Limitations of
the Colorado Consumer Protection Act in Insurance Bad Faith Litigation", see 34 Colo. Law. 75
(Nov. 2005); for article, "Managing Risks Associated With Attorney Advertising", see 36 Colo.
Law. 63 (April 2007); for comment, "Opening the Door: Crow v. Tull and the Application of the
Colorado Consumer Protection Act to Attorneys", 79 U. Colo. L. Rev. 295 (2008).
PART 1
CONSUMER PROTECTION - GENERAL
Law reviews: For article, "The Showpiece Homes Decision: From Caveat Emptor to
Insurer Beware?", see 31 Colo. Law. 73 (April 2002).
6-1-101. Short title. This article shall be known and may be cited as the "Colorado
Consumer Protection Act".
Source: L. 69: p. 376, § 13. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-13.
6-1-102. Definitions. As used in this article 1, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Advertisement" includes the attempt by publication, dissemination, solicitation, or
circulation, visual, oral, or written, to induce directly or indirectly any person to enter into any
obligation or to acquire any title or interest in any property.
(2) "Article" means a product as distinguished from a trademark, label, or distinctive
dress in packaging.
(2.5) "Business day" means any calendar day except Sunday, New Year's day, the third
Monday in January observed as the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington-Lincoln
day, Memorial day, Independence day, Labor day, Columbus day, Veterans' day, Thanksgiving,
and Christmas.
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(2.7) "Buyers' club" means any person engaged in advertising or selling memberships
that provide an exclusive right to members to purchase goods, food, services, or property at
purported discount prices.
(3) "Certification mark" means a mark used in connection with the goods or services of a
person other than the certifier to indicate geographic origin, material, mode of manufacture,
quality, accuracy, or other characteristics of the goods or services or to indicate that the work or
labor on the goods or services was performed by members of a union or other organization.
(4) "Collective mark" means a mark used by members of a cooperative, association, or
other collective group or organization to identify goods or services and distinguish them from
those of others, or to indicate membership in the collective group or organization.
(4.1) "Dance studio" means any person engaged in the advertisement or sale of dance
studio services.
(4.2) "Dance studio services" means instruction, training, or assistance in dancing; the
use of dance studio facilities; membership in any group, club, or association formed by a dance
studio; and participation in dance competitions, dance showcases, trips, tours, parties, and other
organized events and related travel arrangements.
(4.3) "Discount health plan" means a program evidenced by a membership agreement,
contract, card, certificate, device, or mechanism, which offers health care services, as defined in
section 10-16-102 (33), C.R.S., or related products including, but not limited to, prescription
drugs and medical equipment, at purported discounted rates from health care providers
advertised as participating in the program. A "discount health plan" does not include a program
in which a participating provider has agreed, as a condition of his or her participation in the
program, to negotiate the prices to be charged for his or her services directly with consumers in
the program and the provider is not required to offer discounted prices for his or her services as
part of the program.
(4.4) "Elderly person" means a person sixty years of age or older.
(4.5) "Food" means any raw, cooked, or processed edible substance, beverage, or
ingredient used or intended for use or for sale in whole or part for human consumption.
(4.6) "Health club" means an establishment which provides health club services or
facilities which purport to improve or maintain the user's physical condition or appearance
through exercise. The term may include, but shall not be limited to, a spa, exercise club, exercise
gym, health studio, or playing courts. The term shall not apply to any of the following:
(a) Any establishment operated by a nonprofit organization or public or private school,
college, or university;
(b) Any establishment operated by the federal government, the state of Colorado, or any
of the state's political subdivisions;
(c) Any establishment which does not provide health club services or facilities as its
primary purpose or business; or
(d) Health care facilities licensed or certified by the department of public health and
environment pursuant to its authority under section 25-1.5-103, C.R.S.
(4.7) "Health club facilities" means equipment, physical structures, and other tangible
property utilized by a health club to conduct its business. The term may include, but shall not be
limited to, saunas, whirlpool baths, gymnasiums, running tracks, playing courts, swimming
pools, shower areas, and exercise equipment.
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(4.8) "Health club services" means services, privileges, or rights offered for sale or
provided by a health club.
(4.9) "Manufactured home" shall have the same meaning as set forth in section 42-1-102
(106)(b), C.R.S.
(5) "Mark" means a word, name, symbol, device, or any combination thereof in any
form or arrangement.
(5.5) "Motor vehicle" has the same meaning as set forth in section 44-20-102.
(6) "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership,
unincorporated association, or two or more thereof having a joint or common interest, or any
other legal or commercial entity.
(7) "Promoting a pyramid promotional scheme" means inducing one or more other
persons to become participants, or attempting to so induce, or assisting another in promoting a
pyramid promotional scheme by means of references or otherwise.
(8) "Property" means any real or personal property, or both real and personal property,
intangible property, or services.
(9) "Pyramid promotional scheme" means any program utilizing a pyramid or chain
process by which a participant in the program gives a valuable consideration in excess of fifty
dollars for the opportunity or right to receive compensation or other things of value in return for
inducing other persons to become participants for the purpose of gaining new participants in the
program. Ordinary sales of goods or services to persons who are not purchasing in order to
participate in such a scheme are not within this definition.
(9.5) "Resale time share" means a time share, including all or substantially all
ownership, rights, or interests associated with the time share:
(a) That has been acquired previously for personal, family, or household use; and
(b) (I) That is owned by a Colorado resident; or
(II) The accommodations and other facilities of which are available for use through the
time share and are primarily located in Colorado.
(10) "Sale" means any sale, offer for sale, or attempt to sell any real or personal property
for any consideration.
(11) "Service mark" means a mark used by a person to identify services and to
distinguish them from the services of others.
(11.2) Repealed.
(11.5) "Time share" means a time share estate, as defined in section 38-33-110 (5),
C.R.S., a time share use, as defined in section 12-61-401 (4), C.R.S., or any campground or
recreational membership which does not constitute the transfer of an interest in real property.
(11.7) (a) "Time share resale entity" means any person who, either directly or indirectly,
engages in a time share resale service.
(b) "Time share resale entity" does not include:
(I) The developer, association of time share owners, or other person responsible for
managing or operating the plan or arrangement by which the rights or interests associated with a
resale time share are utilized, but only to the extent the resale time share is part of an existing
plan or arrangement managed by that developer, association, or person;
(II) Attorneys, title agents, title companies, or escrow companies providing closing,
settlement, or other transaction services as long as the services are provided in the normal course
of business in supporting a conveyance of title or in issuing title insurance products in a time
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share resale transaction. To the extent the attorney, title agent, title company, or escrow company
is engaged in providing services or products that are outside the normal course of business in
supporting a conveyance of title or in issuing title insurance products or has an affiliated
business arrangement with a party to a time share resale transaction, this exemption does not
apply; or
(III) Real estate brokers operating within the scope of activities specified in section 12-
61-101 (2), C.R.S., with respect to a time share resale transaction as long as the real estate broker
does not collect a fee in advance. To the extent a real estate broker is engaged in activities
outside the scope of activities specified in section 12-61-101 (2), C.R.S., collects an advance fee,
or has an affiliated business arrangement with a party to a time share resale transaction, this
exemption does not apply.
(11.8) "Time share resale service" means any of the following activities, engaged in
directly or indirectly and for consideration, regardless of whether performed in person, by mail,
by telephone, or by any other mode of internet or electronic communication, unless performed
by a person or entity that, pursuant to paragraph (b) of subsection (11.7) of this section, is
exempted:
(a) The sale, rental, listing, or advertising of, or an offer to sell, rent, list, or advertise,
any resale time share;
(b) The purchase or offer to purchase any resale time share;
(c) The transfer or offer to assist in the transfer of any resale time share; or
(d) The invalidation or an offer to invalidate the purchase or ownership of any resale
time share or the purchase of any time share resale service.
(11.9) (a) "Time share resale transfer agreement" means a contract between a time share
resale entity and the owner of a resale time share in which the time share resale entity agrees to
transfer, or offers to assist in the transfer, of all or substantially all of the rights or interests in a
resale time share on behalf of the owner of the resale time share.
(b) (I) "Time share resale transfer agreement" does not include a contract to sell, rent,
list, advertise, purchase, or transfer a resale time share if the owner of the resale time share:
(A) Upon entering the contract, reasonably expects to receive consideration in exchange
for the resale time share; and
(B) Upon the actual sale, rental, or transfer of the time share, receives consideration.
(II) For purposes of this subsection (11.9), a transfer of the resale time share does not, by
itself, constitute consideration.
(12) "Trademark" means a mark used by a person to identify goods and to distinguish
them from the goods of others.
(13) "Trade name" means a word, name, symbol, device, or any combination thereof in
any form or arrangement used by a person to identify his business, vocation, or occupation, and
to distinguish it from the business, vocation, or occupation of others.
(13.5) "Unavoidable delay" means inclement weather and other events outside the
control of the buyer or seller.
(14) "Used motor vehicle" shall have the same meaning as set forth in section 42-6-201
(8), C.R.S.
Source: L. 69: p. 371, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-1. L. 73: p. 619, § 1. L. 84: (4.5) and
(11.5) added, pp. 289, 290, §§ 1, 1, effective July 1. L. 85: (4.6) to (4.8) added, p. 306, § 1,
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effective June 1. L. 87: (2.5) added and (9), (10), and (11.5) amended, p. 356, § 1, effective July
1. L. 88: (4.2) and (4.3) added, p. 341, § 1, effective July 1. L. 90: (2.7) and (11.2) added, p.
380, § 1, effective July 1. L. 92: (5.5) and (14) added, p. 1835, § 1, effective April 29. L. 93:
(11.2) repealed, p. 943, § 1, effective July 1. L. 94: (4.6)(d) amended, p. 2721, § 310, effective
July 1. L. 98: (4.9) and (13.5) added, p. 746, § 1, effective August 5. L. 2000: (2.7) amended, p.
244, § 1, effective March 30; (4.4) added, p. 1107, § 1, effective August 2. L. 2003: (4.6)(d)
amended, p. 699, § 3, effective July 1. L. 2004: (4.1) added and (4.2) and (4.3) amended, p. 967,
§ 7, effective May 21. L. 2013: (4.3) amended (HB 13-1266), ch. 217, p. 984, § 37, effective
May 13; (9.5), (11.7), (11.8), and (11.9) added, (SB 13-182), ch. 166, p. 539, § 1, effective
August 7. L. 2017: IP and (5.5) amended, (SB 17-240), ch. 395, p. 2063, § 43, effective July 1.
L. 2018: (5.5) amended, (SB 18-030), ch. 7, p. 138, § 5, effective October 1.
Cross references: For the "Colorado Charitable Solicitations Act", see article 16 of this
title.
6-1-103. Attorney general and district attorneys concurrently responsible for
enforcement. The attorney general and the district attorneys of the several judicial districts of
this state are concurrently responsible for the enforcement of this article. Until the Colorado
supreme court adopts a venue provision relating to this article, actions instituted pursuant to this
article may be brought in the county where an alleged deceptive trade practice occurred or where
any portion of a transaction involving an alleged deceptive trade practice occurred, or in the
county where the principal place of business of any defendant is located, or in the county in
which any defendant resides.
Source: L. 69: p. 376, § 11. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-11. L. 73: p. 620, § 4. L. 77: Entire
section R&RE, p. 348, § 1, effective July 1. L. 87: Entire section amended, p. 357, § 2, effective
July 1.
6-1-104. Cooperative reporting. The district attorneys may cooperate in a statewide
reporting system by receiving, on forms provided by the attorney general, complaints from
persons concerning deceptive trade practices listed in section 6-1-105 and part 7 of this article
and transmitting such complaints to the attorney general.
Source: L. 69: p. 376, § 10. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-10. L. 73: p. 619, § 3. L. 77: Entire
section R&RE, p. 348, § 2, effective July 1. L. 86: Entire section amended, p. 445, § 2, effective
April 17. L. 99: Entire section amended, p. 652, § 4, effective May 18.
6-1-105. Deceptive trade practices. (1) A person engages in a deceptive trade practice
when, in the course of the person's business, vocation, or occupation, the person:
(a) Knowingly passes off goods, services, or property as those of another;
(b) Knowingly makes a false representation as to the source, sponsorship, approval, or
certification of goods, services, or property;
(c) Knowingly makes a false representation as to affiliation, connection, or association
with or certification by another;
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(d) Uses deceptive representations or designations of geographic origin in connection
with goods or services;
(e) Knowingly makes a false representation as to the characteristics, ingredients, uses,
benefits, alterations, or quantities of goods, food, services, or property or a false representation
as to the sponsorship, approval, status, affiliation, or connection of a person therewith;
(f) Represents that goods are original or new if he knows or should know that they are
deteriorated, altered, reconditioned, reclaimed, used, or secondhand;
(g) Represents that goods, food, services, or property are of a particular standard,
quality, or grade, or that goods are of a particular style or model, if he knows or should know
that they are of another;
(h) Disparages the goods, services, property, or business of another by false or
misleading representation of fact;
(i) Advertises goods, services, or property with intent not to sell them as advertised;
(j) Advertises goods or services with intent not to supply reasonably expectable public
demand, unless the advertisement discloses a limitation of quantity;
(k) Advertises under the guise of obtaining sales personnel when in fact the purpose is to
first sell a product or service to the sales personnel applicant;
(l) Makes false or misleading statements of fact concerning the price of goods, services,
or property or the reasons for, existence of, or amounts of price reductions;
(m) Fails to deliver to the customer at the time of an installment sale of goods or services
a written order, contract, or receipt setting forth the name and address of the seller, the name and
address of the organization which he represents, and all of the terms and conditions of the sale,
including a description of the goods or services, stated in readable, clear, and unambiguous
language;
(n) Employs "bait and switch" advertising, which is advertising accompanied by an
effort to sell goods, services, or property other than those advertised or on terms other than those
advertised and which is also accompanied by one or more of the following practices:
(I) Refusal to show the goods or property advertised or to offer the services advertised;
(II) Disparagement in any respect of the advertised goods, property, or services or the
terms of sale;
(III) Requiring tie-in sales or other undisclosed conditions to be met prior to selling the
advertised goods, property, or services;
(IV) Refusal to take orders for the goods, property, or services advertised for delivery
within a reasonable time;
(V) Showing or demonstrating defective goods, property, or services which are unusable
or impractical for the purposes set forth in the advertisement;
(VI) Accepting a deposit for the goods, property, or services and subsequently switching
the purchase order to higher-priced goods, property, or services; or
(VII) Failure to make deliveries of the goods, property, or services within a reasonable
time or to make a refund therefor;
(o) Knowingly fails to identify flood-damaged or water-damaged goods as to such
damages;
(p) Solicits door-to-door as a seller, unless the seller, within thirty seconds after
beginning the conversation, identifies himself or herself, whom he or she represents, and the
purpose of the call;
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(p.3) to (p.7) Repealed.
(q) Contrives, prepares, sets up, operates, publicizes by means of advertisements, or
promotes any pyramid promotional scheme;
(r) Advertises or otherwise represents that goods or services are guaranteed without
clearly and conspicuously disclosing the nature and extent of the guarantee, any material
conditions or limitations in the guarantee which are imposed by the guarantor, the manner in
which the guarantor will perform, and the identity of such guarantor. Any representation that
goods or services are "guaranteed for life" or have a "lifetime guarantee" shall contain, in
addition to the other requirements of this paragraph (r), a conspicuous disclosure of the meaning
of "life" or "lifetime" as used in such representation (whether that of the purchaser, the goods or
services, or otherwise). Guarantees shall not be used which under normal conditions could not be
practically fulfilled or which are for such a period of time or are otherwise of such a nature as to
have the capacity and tendency of misleading purchasers or prospective purchasers into
believing that the goods or services so guaranteed have a greater degree of serviceability,
durability, or performance capability in actual use than is true in fact. The provisions of this
paragraph (r) apply not only to guarantees but also to warranties, to disclaimer of warranties, to
purported guarantees and warranties, and to any promise or representation in the nature of a
guarantee or warranty; however, such provisions do not apply to any reference to a guarantee in
a slogan or advertisement so long as there is no guarantee or warranty of specific merchandise or
other property.
(s) and (t) Repealed.
(u) Fails to disclose material information concerning goods, services, or property which
information was known at the time of an advertisement or sale if such failure to disclose such
information was intended to induce the consumer to enter into a transaction;
(v) Disburses funds in connection with a real estate transaction in violation of section
38-35-125 (2), C.R.S.;
(w) Repealed.
(x) Violates sections 6-1-203 to 6-1-206 or part 7 of this article 1;
(y) Fails, in connection with any solicitation, oral or written, to clearly and prominently
disclose immediately adjacent to or after the description of any item or prize to be received by
any person the actual retail value of each item or prize to be awarded. For the purposes of this
paragraph (y), the actual retail value is the price at which substantial sales of the item were made
in the person's trade area or in the trade area in which the item or prize is to be received within
the last ninety days or, if no substantial sales were made, the actual cost of the item or prize to
the person on whose behalf any contest or promotion is conducted; except that, whenever the
actual cost of the item to the provider is less than fifteen dollars per item, a disclosure that
"actual cost to the provider is less than fifteen dollars" may be made in lieu of disclosure of
actual cost. The provisions of this paragraph (y) shall not apply to a promotion which is
soliciting the sale of a newspaper, magazine, or periodical of general circulation, or to a
promotion soliciting the sale of books, records, audio tapes, compact discs, or videos when the
promoter allows the purchaser to review the merchandise without obligation for at least seven
days and provides a full refund within thirty days after the receipt of the returned merchandise or
when a membership club operation is in conformity with rules and regulations of the federal
trade commission contained in 16 CFR 425.
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(z) Refuses or fails to obtain all governmental licenses or permits required to perform the
services or to sell the goods, food, services, or property as agreed to or contracted for with a
consumer;
(aa) Fails, in connection with the issuing, making, providing, selling, or offering to sell
of a motor vehicle service contract, to comply with the provisions of article 11 of title 42,
C.R.S.;
(bb) Repealed.
(cc) Engages in any commercial telephone solicitation which constitutes an unlawful
telemarketing practice as defined in section 6-1-304;
(dd) Repealed.
(ee) Intentionally violates any provision of article 10 of title 5, C.R.S.;
(ee.5) to (ff) Repealed.
(gg) Fails to disclose or misrepresents to another person, a secured creditor, or an
assignee by whom such person is retained to repossess personal property whether such person is
bonded in accordance with section 4-9-629, C.R.S., or fails to file such bond with the attorney
general;
(hh) Violates any provision of article 16 of this title;
(ii) Repealed.
(jj) Represents to any person that such person has won or is eligible to win any award,
prize, or thing of value as the result of a contest, promotion, sweepstakes, or drawing, or that
such person will receive or is eligible to receive free goods, services, or property, unless, at the
time of the representation, the person has the present ability to supply such award, prize, or thing
of value;
(kk) Violates any provision of article 6 of this title;
(ll) Knowingly makes a false representation as to the results of a radon test or the need
for radon mitigation;
(mm) Violates section 35-27-113 (3)(e), (3)(f), or (3)(i), C.R.S.;
(nn) Repealed.
(oo) Fails to comply with the provisions of section 35-80-108 (1)(a), (1)(b), or (2)(f),
C.R.S.;
(pp) Violates article 9 of title 42, C.R.S.;
(qq) Repealed.
(rr) Violates the provisions of part 8 of this article;
(ss) Violates any provision of part 33 of article 32 of title 24, C.R.S., that applies to the
installation of manufactured homes;
(tt) Violates any provision of part 9 of this article;
(uu) Violates section 38-40-105, C.R.S.;
(vv) Violates section 24-21-523 (1)(f) or (1)(i) or 24-21-525 (3), (4), or (5);
(ww) Violates any provision of section 6-1-702;
(xx) Violates any provision of part 11 of this article;
(yy) Repealed.
(zz) Violates any provision of section 6-1-717;
(aaa) Violates any provision of section 12-61-904.5, C.R.S.;
(bbb) Violates any provision of section 12-61-905.5, C.R.S.;
(ccc) Violates the provisions of section 6-1-722;
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(ddd) Violates section 6-1-724;
(eee) Violates section 6-1-701;
(fff) Violates section 6-1-723;
(ggg) Violates section 6-1-725;
(hhh) Knowingly represents that hemp, hemp oil, or any derivative of a hemp plant
constitutes retail marijuana or medical marijuana unless it fully satisfies the definition of such
products pursuant to section 44-12-103 (22) or section 44-11-104 (11);
(iii) Knowingly enters into, or attempts to enforce, an agreement regarding the recovery
of an overbid on foreclosed property if the agreement concerns the recovery of funds in the
possession of:
(I) A public trustee prior to transfer of the funds to the state treasurer under section 38-
38-111, C.R.S.; or
(II) The state treasurer and does not meet the requirements for such an agreement as
specified in section 38-13-128.5, C.R.S.;
(jjj) Violates section 6-1-726.
(2) Evidence that a person has engaged in a deceptive trade practice shall be prima facie
evidence of intent to injure competitors and to destroy or substantially lessen competition.
(3) The deceptive trade practices listed in this section are in addition to and do not limit
the types of unfair trade practices actionable at common law or under other statutes of this state.
Source: L. 69: p. 372, § 2. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-2. L. 71: p. 580, § 1. L. 73: p. 619, § 2.
L. 75: (1)(r) added, p. 259, § 1, effective July 1. L. 84: (1)(e) and (1)(g) amended and (1)(s)
added, pp. 289, 290, §§ 2, 2, effective July 1. L. 85: (1)(t) added, p. 307, § 2, effective June 1. L.
87: (1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(e), (1)(g) to (1)(i), and (1)(l) amended and (1)(s)(V) and (1)(u) added, p.
357, §§ 3, 4, effective July 1. L. 88: (1)(n) amended and (1)(v) and (1)(w) added, pp. 341, 1260,
§§ 2, 2, effective July 1. L. 89: (1)(s)(V) repealed and (1)(y), (1)(z), and (1)(aa) added, pp. 360,
357, §§ 4, 1, effective July 7; (1)(x) added, p. 363, § 2, effective January 1, 1990. L. 90: (1)(ee)
added, p. 378, § 2, effective April 20; (1)(t)(VI) amended and (1)(bb) to (1)(dd) added, p. 380, §
2, effective July 1. L. 91: (1)(t)(VI) amended and (1)(t)(VII) added, p. 329, § 1, effective May
16; (1)(dd)(I) amended and (1)(dd)(I.5) added, p. 331, § 1, effective June 8. L. 92: IP(1)
amended and (1)(ff) added, p. 1835, § 2, effective April 29; IP(1) amended and (1)(gg) added, p.
247, § 2, effective June 1. L. 93: (1)(t)(VI) and (1)(y) amended and (1)(hh) to (1)(ll) added, p.
1571, § 1, effective July 1; (1)(cc) amended, p. 943, § 2, effective July 1; (1)(mm) added, p.
1022, § 3, effective July 1. L. 94: (1)(nn) added, p. 759, § 1, effective April 20; (1)(ee.5) added,
p. 94, § 1, effective July 1; (1)(oo) added, p. 1311, § 10, effective July 1; (1)(aa) and (1)(ii)
amended, p. 2544, § 14, effective January 1, 1995. L. 96: (1)(p) amended and (1)(p.3) and
(1)(ee.7) added, pp. 787, 1787, §§ 1, 1, effective July 1. L. 97: (1)(pp) added, p. 865, § 13,
effective May 21; (1)(p.5) and (1)(p.7) added, p. 500, § 1, effective July 1; (1)(ee.8) added, p.
406, § 1, July 1. L. 98: (1)(qq) added, p. 746, § 2, effective August 5. L. 99: (1)(p.3), (1)(p.5),
(1)(p.7), (1)(s), (1)(t), (1)(w), (1)(bb), (1)(dd), (1)(ee.5), (1)(ee.7), (1)(ee.8), (1)(ff), (1)(ii), and
(1)(qq) repealed and (1)(x) amended, pp. 655, 652, §§ 14, 3, effective May 18; (1)(qq) amended,
p. 897, § 2, effective October 1. L. 2000: (1)(rr) added, p. 867, § 2, effective August 2;
(1)(nn)(II) added by revision, pp. 2, 3, §§ 1, 6; (1)(ss) added, p. 1162, § 3, effective July 1, 2001.
L. 2001: (1)(gg) amended, p. 1445, § 37, effective July 1; (1)(tt) added, p. 1461, § 2, effective
August 8. L. 2002: (1)(uu) added, p. 1602, § 3, effective June 7. L. 2003: (1)(ss) amended, p.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 9 of 210 Uncertified Printout
550, § 3, effective March 5. L. 2004: (1)(vv) added, p. 181, § 2, effective July 1; (1)(ww) added,
p. 407, § 2, effective August 4. L. 2006: (1)(xx) added, p. 1344, § 2, effective May 30. L. 2007:
(1)(zz) added, p. 1728, § 5, effective June 1; (1)(aaa) and (1)(bbb) added, p. 1723, § 10, effective
June 1; (1)(yy) added, p. 809, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2010: (1)(ccc) added, (SB 10-155), ch.
180, p. 648, § 2, effective August 11. L. 2013: (1)(eee) added, (SB 13-228), ch. 271, p. 1425, §
2, effective May 24; (IP)(1) amended and (1)(ddd) added, (SB 13-215), ch. 399, p. 2335, § 2,
effective June 5. L. 2014: (1)(fff) and (1)(ggg) added, (HB 14-1037), ch. 358, p. 1681, § 2,
effective August 6. L. 2015: (1)(hhh) added, (SB 15-014), ch. 199, p. 688, § 7, effective May 18;
(1)(yy) repealed, (SB 15-264), ch. 259, p. 941, § 7, effective August 5. L. 2016: (1)(jjj) added,
(HB 16-1335), ch. 246, p. 1015, § 2, effective July 1; (1)(bbb) amended, (HB 16-1306), ch. 117,
p. 331, § 1, effective August 10; (1)(iii) added, (HB 16-1090), ch. 97, p. 276, § 2, effective
August 10. L. 2017: (1)(vv) amended, (SB 17-132), ch. 207, p. 808, § 4, effective July 1, 2018.
L. 2018: (1)(x) amended, (SB 18-100), ch. 36, p. 392, § 1, effective August 8; (1)(hhh)
amended, (HB 18-1023), ch. 55, p. 584, § 4, effective October 1.
Editor's note: (1) Subsection (1)(dd)(I)(F) provided for the repeal of subsection
(1)(dd)(I)(F), effective July 1, 1994. (See L. 91, p. 331.) Subsection (1)(nn)(II) provided for the
repeal of subsection (1)(nn), effective July 1, 2001. (See L. 2000, p. 3.)
(2) (a) Subsections (1)(p.3), (1)(p.5), (1)(p.7), (1)(s), (1)(t), (1)(w), (1)(bb), (1)(dd),
(1)(ee.5), (1)(ee.7), (1)(ee.8), (1)(ff), (1)(ii), and (1)(qq) were repealed and relocated in 1999 to
part 7 of this article.
(b) Subsection (1)(qq) as amended by House Bill 99-1270 was harmonized with Senate
Bill 99-143 and relocated to § 6-1-709, effective October 1, 1999.
(3) Subsection (1)(ww) was originally lettered as (1)(vv) in House Bill 04-1125, but has
been relettered on revision for ease of location.
(4) Section 8(1) of Senate Bill 17-132 was amended by section 121 of Senate Bill 17-
294 to change the effective date of Senate Bill 17-132 from August 9, 2017, to July 1, 2018.
(5) Section 8(2) of chapter 207 (SB 17-132), Session Laws of Colorado 2017, provides
that the act changing this section applies to conduct occurring on or after July 1, 2018.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration in HB 16-1090, see section 1 of chapter
97, Session Laws of Colorado 2016.
6-1-105.5. Hearing aid dealers - deceptive trade practices. (Repealed)
Source: L. 86: Entire section added, p. 443, § 1, effective April 17. L. 87: (2)(e)(III)
amended, p. 358, § 5, effective July 1. L. 88: (2)(e)(II) amended, p. 343, § 3, effective July 1. L.
92: (1)(a), (1)(b), (2)(a), (2)(b), (2)(c), IP(2)(d), (2)(e), and (2)(f) amended and (1)(a.5), (1)(e),
(2)(i), and (2)(j) added, pp. 228, 231, §§ 1, 2, effective July 1. L. 93: IP(2), (2)(e)(I), and (2)(i),
amended, p. 1573, § 2, effective July 1. L. 95. IP(2) and (2)(e) amended and (3) added, p. 1331,
§ 2, effective July 1. L. 99: Entire section repealed, p. 655, § 14, effective May 18.
6-1-106. Exclusions. (1) This article does not apply to:
(a) Conduct in compliance with the orders or rules of, or a statute administered by, a
federal, state, or local governmental agency;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 10 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(b) Publishers, including outdoor advertising media, advertising agencies, broadcasters,
or printers engaged in the dissemination of information or reproduction of printed or pictorial
matter who publish, broadcast, or reproduce material without knowledge of its deceptive
character; or
(c) Actions or appeals pending on or before July 1, 1969.
(2) This article shall not be interpreted to apply to the use by a person of any service
mark, trademark, certification mark, collective mark, trade name, or other trade identification
which was used and not abandoned prior to July 1, 1969, if the use was in good faith and is
otherwise lawful except for the provisions of this article.
Source: L. 69: p. 373, § 3. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-3.
6-1-107. Powers of attorney general and district attorneys. (1) When the attorney
general or a district attorney has reasonable cause to believe that any person, whether in this state
or elsewhere, has engaged in or is engaging in any deceptive trade practice listed in section 6-1-
105 or part 7 of this article, the attorney general or district attorney may:
(a) Request such person to file a statement or report in writing under oath or otherwise,
on forms prescribed by him, as to all facts and circumstances concerning the sale or
advertisement of property by such person and any other data and information he deems
necessary;
(b) Examine under oath any person in connection with the sale or advertisement of any
property;
(c) Examine any property or sample thereof, record, book, document, account, or paper
he deems necessary;
(d) Make true copies, at the expense of the attorney general or district attorney, of any
record, book, document, account, or paper examined pursuant to paragraph (c) of this subsection
(1), which copies may be offered into evidence in lieu of the originals thereof in actions brought
pursuant to sections 6-1-109 and 6-1-110; and
(e) Pursuant to any order of any district court, impound any sample of property which is
material to such deceptive trade practice and retain the same in his possession until completion
of all proceedings undertaken under this article. An order shall not be issued pursuant to this
paragraph (e) without full opportunity given to the accused to be heard and unless the attorney
general or district attorney has proven by clear and convincing evidence that the business
activities of the person to whom an order is directed will not be impaired thereby.
(2) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall be construed to allow a district
attorney to enforce the provisions of this article beyond the territorial limits of his judicial
district, unless the alleged deceptive trade practice or any portion of a transaction involving an
alleged deceptive trade practice occurred in said district attorney's judicial district, or unless the
principal place of business of any defendant is located in said district attorney's district, or unless
any defendant resides in said district attorney's judicial district.
Source: L. 69: p. 373, § 4. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-4. L. 77: IP(1), (1)(d), and (1)(e)
amended and (2) added, p. 348, § 3, effective July 1. L. 86: IP(1) amended, p. 445, § 3, effective
April 17. L. 87: (2) amended, p. 358, § 6, effective July 1. L. 99: IP(1) amended, p. 653, § 5,
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 11 of 210 Uncertified Printout
effective May 18. L. 2013: IP(1) amended, (SB 13-248), ch. 270, p. 1417, § 1, effective July 1.
L. 2017: IP(1) amended, (HB 17-1023), ch. 64, p. 204, § 2, effective March 20.
6-1-108. Subpoenas - hearings - rules. (1) When the attorney general or a district
attorney has reasonable cause to believe that a person, whether in this state or elsewhere, has
engaged in or is engaging in a deceptive trade practice listed in section 6-1-105 or part 7 of this
article 1, the attorney general or a district attorney, in addition to other powers conferred upon
him or her by this article 1, may issue subpoenas to require the attendance of witnesses or the
production of documents, administer oaths, conduct hearings in aid of any investigation or
inquiry, and prescribe such forms and promulgate such rules as may be necessary to administer
the provisions of this article 1.
(2) Service of any notice or subpoena may be made in the manner prescribed by law or
as provided in rule 4 of the Colorado rules of civil procedure.
(3) (a) If the records of a person who has been issued a subpoena are located outside this
state, the person shall either:
(I) Make them available to the attorney general or district attorney at a convenient
location within this state; or
(II) Pay the reasonable and necessary expenses for the attorney general or district
attorney, or his or her designee, to examine the records at the place where they are maintained.
(b) The attorney general or district attorney may designate representatives, including
comparable officials of the state in which the records are located, to inspect the records on behalf
of the attorney general or district attorney.
Source: L. 69: p. 374, § 5. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-5. L. 77: (1) amended, p. 349, § 4,
effective July 1. L. 2013: (3) added, (SB 13-248), ch. 270, p. 1417, § 2, effective July 1. L.
2016: (1) amended, (HB 16-1094), ch. 94, p. 264, § 3, effective August 10. L. 2017: (1) and (2)
amended, (HB 17-1023), ch. 64, p. 204, § 1, effective March 20.
Cross references: For service of subpoena, see C.R.C.P. 45(c).
6-1-109. Remedies. (1) If any person fails to cooperate with any investigation pursuant
to section 6-1-107 or fails to obey any subpoena pursuant to section 6-1-108, the attorney
general or a district attorney may apply to the appropriate district court for an appropriate order
to effect the purposes of this article 1. The application shall state that there are reasonable
grounds to believe that the order applied for is necessary to investigate a deceptive trade practice
as defined in this article 1. If the court is satisfied that reasonable grounds exist, the court in its
order may:
(a) Grant injunctive relief restraining the sale or advertisement of any property by such
person;
(b) Require the attendance of or the production of documents by such person, or both;
(c) Grant such other or further relief as may be necessary to obtain compliance by such
person.
Source: L. 69: p. 374, § 6. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-6. L. 77: IP(1) amended, p. 349, § 5,
effective July 1. L. 2018: IP(1) amended, (HB 18-1028), ch. 42, p. 467, § 1, effective March 15.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 12 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-1-110. Restraining orders - injunctions - assurances of discontinuance. (1)
Whenever the attorney general or a district attorney has cause to believe that a person has
engaged in or is engaging in any deceptive trade practice listed in section 6-1-105 or part 7 of
this article, the attorney general or district attorney may apply for and obtain, in an action in the
appropriate district court of this state, a temporary restraining order or injunction, or both,
pursuant to the Colorado rules of civil procedure, prohibiting such person from continuing such
practices, or engaging therein, or doing any act in furtherance thereof. The court may make such
orders or judgments as may be necessary to prevent the use or employment by such person of
any such deceptive trade practice or which may be necessary to completely compensate or
restore to the original position of any person injured by means of any such practice or to prevent
any unjust enrichment by any person through the use or employment of any deceptive trade
practice.
(2) Where the attorney general or a district attorney has authority to institute a civil
action or other proceeding pursuant to the provisions of this article, the attorney general or
district attorney may accept, in lieu thereof or as a part thereof, an assurance of discontinuance
of any deceptive trade practice listed in section 6-1-105 or part 7 of this article. Such assurance
may include a stipulation for the voluntary payment by the alleged violator of the costs of
investigation and any action or proceeding by the attorney general or a district attorney and any
amount necessary to restore to any person any money or property that may have been acquired
by such alleged violator by means of any such deceptive trade practice. Any such assurance of
discontinuance accepted by the attorney general or a district attorney and any such stipulation
filed with the court as a part of any such action or proceeding shall be a matter of public record
unless the attorney general or the district attorney determines, at his or her discretion, that it will
be confidential to the parties to the action or proceeding and to the court and its employees.
Upon the filing of a civil action by the attorney general or a district attorney alleging that a
confidential assurance of discontinuance or stipulation accepted pursuant to this subsection (2)
has been violated, said assurance of discontinuance or stipulation shall thereupon be deemed a
public record and open to inspection by any person. Proof by a preponderance of the evidence of
a violation of any such assurance or stipulation shall constitute prima facie evidence of a
deceptive trade practice for the purposes of any civil action or proceeding brought thereafter by
the attorney general or a district attorney, whether a new action or a subsequent motion or
petition in any pending action or proceeding.
(3) When the attorney general or a district attorney shows by a preponderance of
evidence that a mortgage broker, mortgage originator, mortgage lender, mortgage loan applicant,
real estate broker, real estate agent, real estate appraiser, or closing agent, other than a person
who provides closing or settlement services subject to regulation by the division of insurance,
has continued to participate in the origination of mortgage loans in violation of section 38-40-
105, C.R.S., after having been previously enjoined from practices in violation of such section,
the attorney general or district attorney may, in addition to any other remedies, apply for and
obtain, in the court that has previously issued an injunction, a further injunction against
continuing to participate in the business of originating mortgage loans for up to five years.
(4) In addition to any other remedy available under this section, when the attorney
general or district attorney has cause to believe that a person has engaged in or is engaging in a
deceptive trade practice described in section 6-1-720, the attorney general or district attorney
may apply for and obtain, in an action in the appropriate district court of this state, an order
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 13 of 210 Uncertified Printout
forfeiting any tickets obtained, or the proceeds from the resale of any such tickets, in violation of
section 6-1-720.
Source: L. 69: p. 374, § 7. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-7. L. 77: Entire section amended, p. 349,
§ 6, effective July 1. L. 86: Entire section amended, p. 446, § 4, effective April 17. L. 87: Entire
section amended, p. 358, § 7, effective July 1. L. 88: (2) amended, p. 344, § 2, effective July 1.
L. 99: Entire section amended, p. 653, § 6, effective May 18. L. 2002: (3) added, p. 1603, § 4,
effective June 7. L. 2007: (3) amended, p. 1723, § 11, effective June 1. L. 2008: (4) added, p.
2230, § 2, effective July 1.
6-1-111. Information and evidence confidential and inadmissible - when. (1) Any
testimony obtained by the attorney general or a district attorney pursuant to compulsory process
under this article or any information derived directly or indirectly from such testimony shall not
be admissible in evidence in any criminal prosecution against the person so compelled to testify.
The provisions of this subsection (1) shall not be construed to prevent any law enforcement
officer from independently producing or obtaining the same or similar facts, information, or
evidence for use in any criminal prosecution.
(2) Subject to the provisions of section 6-1-110 (2), the records of investigations or
intelligence information of the attorney general or a district attorney obtained under this article
may be deemed public records available for inspection by the general public at the discretion of
the attorney general or the district attorney. This subsection (2) shall not be construed to prevent
the attorney general or a district attorney from issuing public statements describing or warning of
any course of conduct or any conspiracy which constitutes a deceptive trade practice, whether on
a local, statewide, regional, or nationwide basis.
Source: L. 69: p. 375, § 8. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-8. L. 77: Entire section amended, p. 350,
§ 7, effective July 1. L. 81: (1) amended, p. 401, § 1, effective April 30. L. 88: (2) amended, p.
344, § 5, effective July 1.
6-1-112. Civil penalties. (1) The attorney general or a district attorney may bring a civil
action on behalf of the state to seek the imposition of civil penalties as follows:
(a) Any person who violates or causes another to violate any provision of this article
shall forfeit and pay to the general fund of this state a civil penalty of not more than two
thousand dollars for each such violation. For purposes of this paragraph (a), a violation of any
provision shall constitute a separate violation with respect to each consumer or transaction
involved; except that the maximum civil penalty shall not exceed five hundred thousand dollars
for any related series of violations.
(b) Any person who violates or causes another to violate any court order or injunction
issued pursuant to this article shall forfeit and pay to the general fund of this state a civil penalty
of not more than ten thousand dollars for each such violation. For the purposes of this section,
the court issuing the order or injunction shall retain jurisdiction, and the cause shall be
continued. Upon violation, the attorney general or a district attorney may petition the court for
the recovery of the civil penalty. Such civil penalty shall be in addition to any other penalty or
remedy available for the enforcement of the provisions of this article and any court order or
injunction.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 14 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(c) Any person who violates or causes another to violate any provision of this article,
where such violation was committed against an elderly person, shall forfeit and pay to the
general fund of the state a civil penalty of not more than ten thousand dollars for each such
violation. For purposes of this paragraph (c), a violation of any provision of this article shall
constitute a separate violation with respect to each elderly person involved.
(d) Any person who violates or causes another to violate the provisions of section 6-1-
105 (1)(fff) by distributing, dispensing, displaying for sale, offering for sale, attempting to sell,
or selling any product that is labeled as a "bath salt" or any other trademark if the product
contains any amount of any cathinones, as defined in section 18-18-102 (3.5), C.R.S., shall
forfeit and pay to the general fund of the state a civil penalty of not less than ten thousand dollars
and not more than five hundred thousand dollars for each such violation; except that the person
shall forfeit and pay to the general fund of the state a civil penalty of not less than twenty-five
thousand dollars and not more than five hundred thousand dollars for each such violation if the
person distributes, dispenses, displays for sale, offers for sale, attempts to sell, or sells the
product to a minor under the age of eighteen and the person is at least eighteen years of age and
at least two years older than the minor.
(e) Any person who violates or causes another to violate the provisions of section 6-1-
105 (1)(ggg) by distributing, dispensing, displaying for sale, offering for sale, attempting to sell,
or selling any product that contains any amount of any synthetic cannabinoid, as defined in
section 18-18-102 (34.5), C.R.S., shall forfeit and pay to the general fund of the state a civil
penalty of not less than ten thousand dollars and not more than five hundred thousand dollars for
each violation; except that the person shall forfeit and pay to the general fund of the state a civil
penalty of not less than twenty-five thousand dollars and not more than five hundred thousand
dollars for each violation if the person distributes, dispenses, displays for sale, offers for sale,
attempts to sell, or sells the product to a minor under the age of eighteen and the person is at
least eighteen years of age and at least two years older than the minor.
(f) (I) Any person who violates section 6-16-111 (1)(a) to (1)(g) shall forfeit and pay a
civil penalty of up to ten thousand dollars for each violation, with a cap of three million dollars
for a related series of violations. In determining a civil penalty under this subsection (1)(f), the
court shall adjust the limitations cap for inflation based on the cumulative annual adjustment for
inflation for each full year since August 10, 2016. The adjustments made under this subsection
(1)(f)(I) are rounded upward or downward to the nearest ten-dollar increment. As used in this
subsection (1)(f)(I), "inflation" means the annual percentage change in the United States
department of labor's bureau of labor statistics consumer price index for Denver-AuroraLakewood for all items paid by all urban consumers, or its applicable predecessor or successor
index.
(II) Any civil penalty recovered under this paragraph (f) is paid to the attorney general
and held as custodial money. The attorney general shall petition the district court having
jurisdiction over the underlying civil enforcement action for approval to grant the custodial
money to a charity in accordance with the cy pres doctrine within two years after receipt by the
attorney general.
Source: L. 69: p. 376, § 9. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-9. L. 77: Entire section amended, p. 351,
§ 8, effective July 1. L. 87: Entire section amended, p. 359, § 8, effective July 1. L. 2000: (3)
added, p. 1107, § 2, effective August 2. L. 2009: Entire section amended, (SB 09-054), ch. 138,
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 15 of 210 Uncertified Printout
p. 596, § 1, effective August 5. L. 2012: (1)(d) added, (HB 12-1310), ch. 268, p. 1406, § 33,
effective June 7. L. 2014: (1)(d) amended and (1)(e) added, (HB 14-1037), ch. 358, p. 1682, § 3,
effective August 6. L. 2016: (1)(f) added, (HB 16-1129), ch. 262, p. 1075, § 1, effective August
10. L. 2018: (1)(f)(I) amended, (HB 18-1375), ch. 274, p. 1694, § 1, effective May 29.
6-1-113. Damages. (1) The provisions of this article shall be available in a civil action
for any claim against any person who has engaged in or caused another to engage in any
deceptive trade practice listed in this article. An action under this section shall be available to
any person who:
(a) Is an actual or potential consumer of the defendant's goods, services, or property and
is injured as a result of such deceptive trade practice, or is a residential subscriber, as defined in
section 6-1-903 (9), who receives unlawful telephone solicitation, as defined in section 6-1-903
(10); or
(b) Is any successor in interest to an actual consumer who purchased the defendant's
goods, services, or property; or
(c) In the course of the person's business or occupation, is injured as a result of such
deceptive trade practice.
(2) Except in a class action or a case brought for a violation of section 6-1-709, any
person who, in a private civil action, is found to have engaged in or caused another to engage in
any deceptive trade practice listed in this article shall be liable in an amount equal to the sum of:
(a) The greater of:
(I) The amount of actual damages sustained; or
(II) Five hundred dollars; or
(III) Three times the amount of actual damages sustained, if it is established by clear and
convincing evidence that such person engaged in bad faith conduct; plus
(b) In the case of any successful action to enforce said liability, the costs of the action
together with reasonable attorney fees as determined by the court.
(2.3) As used in subsection (2) of this section, "bad faith conduct" means fraudulent,
willful, knowing, or intentional conduct that causes injury.
(2.5) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of this section, in the case of any
violation of section 6-1-709, in addition to interest, costs of the action, and reasonable attorney
fees as determined by the court, the prevailing party shall be entitled only to damages in an
amount sufficient to refund moneys actually paid for a manufactured home not delivered in
accordance with the provisions of section 6-1-709.
(2.7) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of this section, in the case of any
violation of section 6-1-105 (1)(ss), the court may award reasonable costs of the action and
attorney fees and interest, and in addition, the prevailing party shall be entitled only to damages
in an amount sufficient to refund moneys actually paid for the installation of a manufactured
home not installed in accordance with the provisions of part 33 of article 32 of title 24, C.R.S.,
that apply to the installation of manufactured homes.
(3) Any person who brings an action under this article that is found by the court to be
groundless and in bad faith or for the purpose of harassment shall be liable to the defendant for
the costs of the action together with reasonable attorney fees as determined by the court.
(4) Costs and attorney fees shall be awarded to the attorney general or a district attorney
in all actions where the attorney general or the district attorney successfully enforces this article.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 16 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 69: p. 376, § 12. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-12. L. 86: Entire section amended, p.
446, § 5, effective April 17. L. 87: Entire section amended, p. 360, § 9, effective July 1. L. 98:
IP(2) amended and (2.5) added, p. 748, § 3, effective August 5. L. 99: Entire section amended, p.
636, § 1, effective May 18. L. 2000: (2.7) added, p. 1162, § 4, effective July 1, 2001. L. 2001:
(1)(a) amended, p. 1461, § 3, effective August 8. L. 2003: (2.7) amended, p. 550, § 4, effective
March 5.
6-1-114. Criminal penalties. Upon a first conviction, any person who promotes a
pyramid promotional scheme in this state or who violates article 5.5 of title 12, C.R.S., section 6-
1-701, or section 6-1-717 is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor, as defined in section 18-1.3-501,
C.R.S., and, upon a second or subsequent conviction for a violation of article 5.5 of title 12,
C.R.S., or section 6-1-701, is guilty of a class 6 felony, as defined in section 18-1.3-401, C.R.S.
Source: L. 73: p. 620, § 5. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-5-14. L. 89: Entire section amended, p.
820, § 2, effective July 1. L. 92: Entire section amended, p. 231, § 3, effective July 1. L. 99:
Entire section amended, p. 654, § 7, effective May 18. L. 2002: Entire section amended, p. 1465,
§ 11, effective October 1. L. 2007: Entire section amended, p. 1728, § 6, effective June 1; entire
section amended, p. 809, § 2, effective July 1. L. 2008: Entire section amended, p. 1879, § 6,
effective August 5. L. 2013: Entire section amended, (SB 13-228), ch. 271, p. 1425, § 3,
effective May 24; entire section amended, (SB 13-238), ch. 401, p. 2349, § 2, effective July 1.
Editor's note: (1) Amendments to this section by Senate Bill 07-208 and Senate Bill 07-
085 were harmonized.
(2) Amendments to this section by Senate Bill 13-228 and Senate Bill 13-238 were
harmonized.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration contained in the 2002 act amending this
section, see section 1 of chapter 318, Session Laws of Colorado 2002.
6-1-115. Limitations. All actions brought under this article must be commenced within
three years after the date on which the false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice occurred or
the date on which the last in a series of such acts or practices occurred or within three years after
the consumer discovered or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered the
occurrence of the false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice. The period of limitation
provided in this section may be extended for a period of one year if the plaintiff proves that
failure to timely commence the action was caused by the defendant engaging in conduct
calculated to induce the plaintiff to refrain from or postpone the commencement of the action.
Source: L. 87: Entire section added, p. 360, § 10, effective July 1.
PART 2
AUTO RENTAL CONTRACTS - COLLISION DAMAGE WAIVERS
6-1-201. Definitions. As used in this part 2, unless the context otherwise requires:
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 17 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(1) "Collision damage waiver" means any contract or contractual provision, whether
separate from or a part of a motor vehicle rental agreement, whereby the lessor agrees, for a
charge, to waive any and all claims against the lessee for any damages to the rental motor
vehicle during the term of the rental agreement.
(2) "Lessee" means any person or organization obtaining the use of a rental motor
vehicle from a lessor under the terms of a rental agreement.
(3) "Lessor" means any person or organization in the business of providing rental motor
vehicles to the public.
(4) "Private passenger type automobile or vehicle" means a motor vehicle of the private
passenger or station wagon type, including passenger vans and minivans that are primarily for
the transport of persons.
(5) "Rental agreement" means a written agreement setting forth the terms and conditions
governing the use of a rental motor vehicle by a lessee for a period of less than one hundred
eighty days.
(6) "Rental motor vehicle" means a private passenger type automobile or vehicle which,
upon execution of a rental agreement, is made available to a lessee for its use.
Source: L. 89: Entire part added, p. 361, § 1, effective January 1, 1990.
6-1-202. Prohibited act. No lessor engaged in renting motor vehicles may sell to any
lessee renting a motor vehicle in this state a collision damage waiver as part of the rental contract
unless the lessor first gives the lessee written disclosure, as provided in section 6-1-203, of the
terms and provisions of such waiver.
Source: L. 89: Entire part added, p. 361, § 1, effective January 1, 1990.
6-1-203. Collision damage waiver form - requirements - failure to comply. (1) Any
collision damage waiver form shall conform to the following requirements:
(a) It shall be understandable and written in simple and readable plain language;
(b) The terms of such collision damage waiver, including, but not limited to, any
conditions or exclusions applicable to the collision damage waiver, shall be prominently
displayed;
(c) All restrictions, conditions, or provisions in, or endorsed on, the collision damage
waiver shall be printed in type at least as large as brevier or ten-point type;
(d) The collision damage waiver shall include a statement of the total charge for the
anticipated rental period or the anticipated total daily charge; and
(e) The agreement containing the collision damage waiver shall display the following
notice on the face of the agreement, set apart and in bold-faced type, and in type at least as large
as ten-point type:
NOTICE: THIS CONTRACT OFFERS, FOR AN ADDITIONAL CHARGE, A
COLLISION DAMAGE WAIVER TO COVER YOUR RESPONSIBILITY FOR
DAMAGE TO THE VEHICLE. YOU ARE ADVISED NOT TO SIGN THIS WAIVER IF
YOU HAVE RENTAL VEHICLE COLLISION COVERAGE PROVIDED BY CERTAIN
GOLD OR PLATINUM CREDIT CARDS OR COLLISION INSURANCE ON YOUR
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 18 of 210 Uncertified Printout
OWN VEHICLE. BEFORE DECIDING WHETHER TO PURCHASE THE COLLISION
DAMAGE WAIVER, YOU MAY WISH TO DETERMINE WHETHER YOUR OWN
VEHICLE INSURANCE AFFORDS YOU COVERAGE FOR DAMAGE TO THE
RENTAL VEHICLE AND THE AMOUNT OF THE DEDUCTIBLE UNDER YOUR
OWN INSURANCE COVERAGE. THE PURCHASE OF THIS COLLISION DAMAGE
WAIVER IS NOT MANDATORY AND MAY BE WAIVED.
(2) The failure by a lessor to comply with any provision of this section is a deceptive
trade practice under the provisions of this article.
Source: L. 89: Entire part added, p. 362, § 1, effective January 1, 1990.
6-1-204. Prohibited exclusion. (1) No collision damage waiver subject to this part 2
shall contain an exclusion from the waiver for damages caused by the ordinary negligence of the
lessee. Any such exclusion in violation of this section will be void and is a deceptive trade
practice under this article. This section shall not be deemed to prohibit an exclusion from the
waiver for damages caused by the lessee by:
(a) Willful and wanton conduct or misconduct;
(b) Intoxication by alcohol or use of controlled substances as defined in section 42-4-
1301, C.R.S.;
(c) Participation in a speed contest;
(d) Carrying persons or property for hire, or pushing or towing anything;
(e) Use of the vehicle while committing a misdemeanor or felony or other criminal act;
(f) Use of the vehicle by an unauthorized driver, which includes any person not
specifically authorized by the rental agreement;
(g) Supplying information which is false concerning the rental transaction with intent to
defraud the lessor;
(h) Use of the vehicle outside the continental United States, unless specifically
authorized by the rental agreement; and
(i) Any instance whereby, during the rental of such rental motor vehicle, the
speedometer or odometer is tampered with or disconnected.
Source: L. 89: Entire part added, p. 362, § 1, effective January 1, 1990. L. 94: (1)(b)
amended, p. 2544, § 15, effective January 1, 1995.
6-1-205. Information to be disclosed in advertisements for rental agreements for
rental motor vehicles. In any advertisement to the public for a rental agreement for a rental
motor vehicle that includes a rental rate, the lessor shall prominently disclose on the face of any
such advertisement the daily charge of any collision damage waiver offered, a statement
informing a prospective lessee that he or she should review his or her own automobile insurance
coverage to determine if such coverage applies to the use of a rental motor vehicle, and a
statement that a prospective lessee may also wish to determine whether his or her credit card or
travel and entertainment card provides collision damage coverage for use of a rental motor
vehicle or other such privilege of membership.
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Source: L. 89: Entire part added, p. 363, § 1, effective January 1, 1990. L. 2006: Entire
section amended, p. 427, § 1, effective August 7.
6-1-206. Additional mandatory charges - required disclosures - definitions. (1) If a
motor vehicle rental company imposes additional mandatory charges, the rental company shall:
(a) Provide a good-faith estimate of the total charges for the entire rental, including all
additional mandatory charges, whenever a quote is provided to a potential customer. The goodfaith estimate may exclude mileage charges and charges for optional items that cannot be
determined prior to completing a rental reservation based on the information provided by the
potential customer.
(b) Disclose in the rental contract provided to the renter the total charges for the entire
rental, including all additional mandatory charges. Total charges for the entire rental do not
include any charges that cannot be determined at the time the rental commences.
(2) As used in this section:
(a) "Additional mandatory charge" means any separately stated charges that a motor
vehicle rental company requires a renter to pay that specifically relate to the operation of a rental
vehicle. "Additional mandatory charge" includes, but is not limited to, a customer facility
charge, airport concession recovery fee, road safety program fee, vehicle license recovery fee, or
any government imposed taxes or fees.
(b) "Motor vehicle" has the meaning set forth in section 12-6-102.
(c) "Motor vehicle rental company" has the meaning set forth in section 10-1-102.
(d) "Quote" means an estimated cost of rental provided by a motor vehicle rental
company to a potential customer based on information provided by the customer, including
potential dates of rental, location, or class of vehicle.
(e) "Vehicle license recovery fee" means a charge to recover costs incurred by a motor
vehicle rental company to license, title, register, plate, or inspect a rental vehicle.
Source: L. 2018: Entire section added, (SB 18-100), ch. 36, p. 392, § 2, effective August
8.
PART 3
PREVENTION OF TELEMARKETING FRAUD
6-1-301. Legislative declaration. The general assembly hereby finds, determines, and
declares that the use of telephones for commercial solicitation is rapidly increasing; that this
form of communication offers unique benefits, but entails special risks and poses the potential
for abuse; that the general assembly finds that the widespread practice of fraudulent and
deceptive commercial telephone solicitation has caused substantial financial losses to thousands
of consumers, and, particularly, elderly, homebound, and otherwise vulnerable consumers, and is
a matter vitally affecting the public interest; and, therefore, that the general welfare of the public
and the protection of the integrity of the telemarketing industry requires statutory regulation of
the commercial use of telephones.
Source: L. 93: Entire part added, p. 944, § 3, effective July 1.
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6-1-302. Definitions. As used in this part 3, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Commercial telephone seller" or "seller" means a person who, in the course of such
person's business, vocation, or occupation, on the person's own behalf or on behalf of another
person, causes or attempts to cause a commercial telephone solicitation to be made; except that
"commercial telephone seller" or "seller" does not include the following:
(a) A person offering or selling a security as defined in section 11-51-201 (17), C.R.S.,
if:
(I) The security is either registered with the securities commissioner under section 11-
51-303 or 11-51-304, C.R.S., exempt from registration under section 11-51-307, C.R.S., or the
transaction in the security is exempt under section 11-51-308, C.R.S.; and
(II) The person is licensed by the securities commissioner as a broker-dealer as defined
in section 11-51-201 (2), C.R.S., unless expressly excluded from such definition, or as a sales
representative as defined in section 11-51-201 (14), C.R.S., unless expressly excluded from such
definition, or such person is exempted from licensing under section 11-51-402, C.R.S.;
(b) (I) A person soliciting the sale of any newspaper, magazine, or other periodical of
general circulation if such sales constitute a majority of such person's business and business
revenues; or
(II) A person soliciting the sale of any book, record, audio tape, compact disc, or video if
the person allows the purchaser to review the merchandise without obligation for at least seven
days and provides a full refund for the return of undamaged merchandise within thirty days or if
the person solicits such sale on behalf of a membership club operating in conformity with 16
CFR 425;
(c) A person making telephone calls to a residential customer for the sole purpose of
polling or soliciting the expression of ideas, opinions, or votes, or a person soliciting solely for a
political or religious cause or purpose;
(d) A paid solicitor or charitable organization that is required to and has complied with
the registration, notice, and filing requirements of sections 6-16-104.6 and 6-16-104,
respectively, or a person who is excluded from such notice and reporting requirements by section
6-16-103 (7);
(e) A supervised financial organization, as defined in section 5-1-301 (45), C.R.S., and
its employees, when acting within the scope of their employment;
(f) A supervised lender, as defined in section 5-1-301 (46), C.R.S., and its employees,
when acting within the scope of their employment;
(g) A person selling insurance, as defined in section 10-1-102 (12), C.R.S., in
compliance with the requirements of title 10, C.R.S.;
(h) A person soliciting without the intent to complete and who does not in fact complete
the sales transaction during the telephone solicitation or another telephone solicitation and who
only completes the sales transaction at a later face-to-face meeting between the solicitor and the
prospective purchaser, excluding a face-to-face meeting, the sole purpose of which is to collect
the payment or deliver any item purchased, or a person soliciting a purchaser with whom the
person has had a previous face-to-face meeting in the course of such person's business;
(i) Any governmental entity or employee thereof, acting in the employee's official
capacity;
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(j) A person soliciting telephone service, or licensed or franchised cable television
service, which is billed and paid on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis and which can be canceled
at any time without further obligation to the purchaser;
(k) A person or an affiliate of a person whose business is regulated by the public utilities
commission;
(l) A person or an affiliate of a person whose business is regulated by the real estate
commission;
(m) A person whose conduct is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal
commodity futures trading commission as granted under the federal "Commodity Exchange
Act", as amended;
(n) A seller of food for immediate consumption when the sale to one purchaser does not
exceed three hundred dollars;
(o) A person who initially contacts the purchaser with a retail sales catalog requesting a
telephone call response, when the person allows the purchaser to review the merchandise without
obligation for at least seven days and provides a full refund for the return of undamaged
merchandise within thirty days after receipt of the returned merchandise;
(p) An issuer or a subsidiary of an issuer that has a class of securities which is subject to
section 12 of the federal "Securities Exchange Act of 1934", 15 U.S.C. sec. 78l, and which is
either registered or exempt from registration under paragraph (A), (B), (C), (E), (F), (G), or (H)
of subsection (g)(2) of that section;
(q) A person who has been operating for at least three years a retail business
establishment in Colorado under the same name as that used in connection with the solicitation
of sales by telephone if, on a continuing basis, the majority of the seller's business involves the
purchaser receiving the seller's goods and services at the seller's business location;
(r) A person who has conducted business for at least three years under the same name
and in the same state and offers potential purchasers satisfaction guaranteed by the sending of
the product or providing the service and the purchaser has an unqualified right to review and
return or cancel for at least thirty days;
(s) Any telephone marketing service company which provides telemarketing sales
services under written contract to sellers and has been operating continuously for at least five
years under the same business name and seventy-five percent or more of its services are
performed on behalf of sellers exempt from this section. Nothing in this paragraph (s) shall be
construed to exempt any seller that contracts with a telephone marketing service company for
telemarketing sales services from the requirements set forth in section 6-1-303 or from the
prohibitions set forth in section 6-1-304.
(t) A person soliciting business solely from business purchasers who have previously
purchased identical or similar goods or services from the business enterprise on whose behalf the
person is calling.
(2) "Commercial telephone solicitation" means:
(a) Unsolicited telephone calls to a person initiated by a commercial telephone seller or
salesperson, or an automated dialing machine with or without a recorded message device, for the
purpose of inducing the person to purchase or invest in goods, services, or property or offering
an extension of credit; or
(b) Any other communication by a commercial telephone seller in which:
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 22 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(I) A gift, award, or prize is offered and a telephone call response from the intended
purchaser is invited; or
(II) A loan, credit card, or other extension of credit is offered to a purchaser who has not
previously purchased from the person initiating the communication, and a telephone call
response from the intended purchaser is invited; or
(III) A sale is to be completed or an agreement to purchase is to be entered into during
the course of the telephone call response; or
(c) Any other communication by a commercial telephone seller which includes
representations about the price, quality, or availability of goods, services, or property and which
invites a response by telephone, including pay-per-call service calls, or which is followed by a
telephone call to the intended purchaser by a salesperson.
(3) "Pay-per-call" means the use of a telephone number with a 900 prefix or any other
prefix under which liability for the service or product provided attaches to the telephone bill of
the individual calling such number.
(4) "Principal" means an owner, an officer of a corporation, a general partner of a
partnership, the sole proprietor of a sole proprietorship, a trustee of a trust, or any other
individual with similar supervisory functions with respect to any person.
(5) "Purchaser" means a person who receives or responds to a commercial telephone
solicitation.
(6) "Salesperson" means any person employed or authorized by a commercial telephone
seller to cause or attempt to cause a commercial telephone solicitation to be made.
(7) "Telephone sales transaction" means any payment of money by a purchaser in
exchange for the promise of goods, services, property, or an extension of credit by a commercial
telephone seller and includes all communications which precede such payment of money.
Source: L. 93: Entire part added, p. 944, § 3, effective July 1; (1)(b)(I) amended, p.
1573, § 3, effective July 1. L. 97: (1)(s) amended, p. 966, § 1, effective May 21. L. 2000: (1)(e)
and (1)(f) amended, p. 1871, § 103, effective August 2. L. 2001: (1)(d) amended, p. 1250, § 9,
effective May 9, 2002. L. 2003: (1)(g) amended, p. 613, § 2, effective July 1.
Cross references: For the federal "Commodity Exchange Act", see Pub.L. 74-675,
codified at 7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.
6-1-303. Registration of commercial telephone sellers. (1) No commercial telephone
seller shall conduct business in this state without having registered with the attorney general at
least ten days prior to the conduct of such business. Individual employees of the commercial
telephone seller are not required to register. A commercial telephone seller conducts business in
this state if the telephone solicitations of prospective purchasers are made from locations in this
state or solicitation is made of prospective purchasers located in this state.
(2) A registration shall be effective for one year after the date of filing with the attorney
general. Each application for registration or renewal thereof shall be accompanied by a filing fee,
determined and collected by the attorney general, but such filing fee shall not exceed two
hundred fifty dollars for an application for registration or one hundred dollars for an application
for renewal.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 23 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(3) Whenever, prior to expiration of a commercial telephone seller's annual registration,
there is a material change in the information required by subsection (5) of this section, the seller
shall, within ten days, file an addendum updating the information with the attorney general.
(4) Each application for registration shall be in writing and shall contain such
information regarding the conduct of the commercial telephone seller's business and the
personnel conducting the business as is required by law. The application shall be submitted on a
form provided by the attorney general and shall be verified by a declaration signed by each
principal of the commercial telephone seller under penalty of perjury. The declaration shall
specify the date and location of signing. The information submitted pursuant to this section shall
be available for public inspection.
(5) Each application for registration or renewal pursuant to this section shall contain the
following information:
(a) The name or names of the commercial telephone seller, including all names under
which the commercial telephone seller is doing or intends to do business, if different from the
name of the seller, and the name of any parent or affiliated organization;
(b) The seller's business form and the date and place of organization;
(c) The complete street addresses of all locations from which the commercial telephone
seller is or will be conducting business, including a designation of the seller's principal business
location;
(d) A listing of all telephone numbers, including pay-per-call numbers, to be used by the
commercial telephone seller;
(e) The name, residential address, and position held by each principal of the commercial
telephone seller and the names, residential addresses, and positions of those persons who have
management responsibilities in connection with the commercial telephone seller's business
activities;
(f) A description of the goods, services, property, or extension of credit the commercial
telephone seller is offering for sale and a copy of all sales scripts the commercial telephone seller
requires salespersons to use when soliciting prospective purchasers, or, if no sales script is
required to be used, a description of the sales presentation;
(g) All rules, regulations, terms, restrictions, and conditions to receiving any prize,
bonus, award, gift, or premium, if applicable, including a description of each prize, bonus,
award, gift, or premium, and the actual or approximate odds of a purchaser's receiving such
prize, bonus, award, gift, or premium;
(h) A copy or representative sample of all written materials the seller sends to any
purchaser;
(i) Such additional information regarding the conduct of the commercial telephone
seller's business and the personnel conducting the business as may reasonably be required by the
attorney general.
Source: L. 93: Entire part added, p. 947, § 3, effective July 1.
6-1-304. Unlawful telemarketing practices. (1) A commercial telephone seller
engages in an unlawful telemarketing practice when, in the course of any commercial telephone
solicitation, the seller:
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 24 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(a) Conducts business as a commercial telephone seller without having registered with
the attorney general, as required by section 6-1-303;
(b) Fails to allow the purchaser in any telephone sales transaction to cancel any purchase
or agreement to purchase goods, services, or property at any time before the expiration of three
business days after the purchaser's receipt of such goods, services, or property by delivering or
mailing to the commercial telephone seller written notice of cancellation. Notice of cancellation,
if sent by mail, is deemed to be given as of the date the mailed notice was postmarked.
(c) Fails to refund all payments made by any purchaser in any telephone sales
transaction within thirty days after the commercial telephone seller receives notice of
cancellation from the purchaser; except that:
(I) If the purchaser has received goods or property from the commercial telephone seller,
other than an item represented as free, the commercial telephone seller shall refund all payments
made by the purchaser within thirty days after the commercial telephone seller's receipt of the
returned goods or property;
(II) If the purchaser has received services, including those received during the course of
a pay-per-call service call, which services cannot, by their nature, be returned, the commercial
telephone seller is not required to refund payments to the purchaser;
(d) Fails to disclose to the purchaser during a telephone solicitation that the purchaser
has the cancellation rights set forth in paragraph (b) of this subsection (1);
(e) Misrepresents to any person that the person has won a contest, sweepstakes, or
drawing, or that the person will receive free goods, services, or property;
(f) Represents that the seller's goods, services, or property are "free" if the commercial
telephone seller charges or collects a fee from the purchaser in exchange for providing or
delivering such goods, services, or property;
(g) Makes any reference to the commercial telephone seller's compliance with this
article to any purchaser without also disclosing that compliance with this article does not
constitute approval by any governmental agency of the seller's marketing, advertisements,
promotions, goods, or services;
(h) Engages in any deceptive trade practice defined in section 6-1-105 or part 7 of this
article.
(2) Paragraphs (b) and (d) of subsection (1) of this section do not apply to a transaction
in which the consumer obtains a full refund for the return of undamaged or unused goods or a
cancellation of services by giving notice to the seller within seven days after receipt by the
consumer and the seller processes the refund or cancellation within thirty days after receipt of
the returned merchandise or the consumer's request for refund for services not performed or a
pro rata refund for any services not yet performed for the consumer. The availability and terms
of the return and refund privilege shall be disclosed to the consumer orally by telephone and in
writing with any advertising or promotional material or with the delivery of the product or
service. If a seller offers consumers an unconditional guarantee, a clear disclosure of such
guarantee by using the words "satisfaction guaranteed", "free inspection", or "no-risk guarantee"
satisfy the disclosure requirements of this subsection (2).
(3) The unlawful telemarketing practices listed in this section are in addition to and do
not limit the types of unfair trade practices actionable at common law or under other civil and
criminal statutes of this state.
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(4) (a) On or after September 1, 2005, a person commits an unlawful telemarketing
practice if the person knowingly:
(I) Lists a cellular telephone number in a directory for a commercial purpose unless the
person whose number has been listed has given affirmative consent, through written, oral, or
electronic means, to such listing; or
(II) Uses a scanning device or other electronic means to identify a cellular telephone
number and to make a commercial telephone solicitation to a cellular telephone.
(b) This subsection (4) shall not apply to a commercial telephone solicitation that is in
relation to a preexisting commercial relationship between the person and the person who owns
the cellular telephone.
Source: L. 93: Entire part added, p. 949, § 3, effective July 1. L. 99: (1)(h) amended, p.
654, § 8, effective May 18. L. 2000: (1)(c)(II) amended, p. 244, § 2, effective March 30. L.
2005: (4) added, p. 630, § 1, effective August 8.
6-1-305. Penalties. (1) In addition to the remedies available under sections 6-1-110, 6-
1-112, and 6-1-113:
(a) Any person who, after receiving written notice of noncompliance from the attorney
general or a district attorney, conducts business as a commercial telephone seller without having
registered with the attorney general as required by section 6-1-303 commits a class 1
misdemeanor and shall be punished as provided in section 18-1.3-501, C.R.S.;
(b) Any commercial telephone seller who knowingly engages in any unlawful
telemarketing practice as defined in section 6-1-304 (1)(b) to (1)(h) commits a class 1
misdemeanor and shall be punished as provided in section 18-1.3-501, C.R.S.;
(c) A person who engages in any unlawful telemarketing practice as defined in section 6-
1-304 (4) shall be liable in a private civil action to the owner of the cellular telephone for
consequential damages, court costs, attorney fees, and a penalty in the amount of at least three
hundred dollars and not more than five hundred dollars for a first offense and at least five
hundred dollars and not more than one thousand dollars for a second or subsequent offense.
Source: L. 93: Entire part added, p. 950, § 3, effective July 1. L. 2002: (1)(a) and (1)(b)
amended, p. 1465, § 12, effective October 1. L. 2005: (1)(c) added, p. 630, § 2, effective August
8.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration contained in the 2002 act amending
subsections (1)(a) and (1)(b), see section 1 of chapter 318, Session Laws of Colorado 2002.
6-1-306. Repeal. (Repealed)
Source: L. 93: Entire part added, p. 951, § 3, effective July 1. L. 96: Entire section
repealed, p. 788, § 2, effective July 1.
PART 4
WARRANTIES FOR ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY ACT
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6-1-401. Legislative intent. (1) It is the intent of the general assembly to encourage and
promote independent living and self-sufficiency for persons with disabilities and to reduce their
need to rely on publicly funded supports. Of an estimated forty-nine million Americans with
disabilities, approximately seventy percent of them are unemployed or underemployed. Having
safe, reliable assistive technology represents a most essential need given the many barriers to
independent living and self-sufficiency people with disabilities face.
(2) The goal of meeting this essential need can be furthered by assuring that assistive
technology provided to persons with disabilities is of quality and is covered by adequate
warranties to maintain their assistive technology in proper working condition, to assure
availability of appropriate loaner replacement assistive technology while their own is being
repaired, and to encourage manufacturers and dealers to cooperatively pool assistive technology
resources for loaner purposes to assure availability without an undue burden.
(3) The general assembly finds and declares it is in the state's best interest to adopt this
part 4.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 604, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-402. Definitions. As used in this part 4, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Collateral costs" means expenses incurred by a consumer in connection with the
repair of a nonconformity in a wheelchair, including the cost of an alternative wheelchair, if a
loaner, as that term is defined in subsection (8) of this section, was not offered to the consumer,
or other assistive device or service for mobility assistance. "Collateral costs" shall not include
the cost of hiring a personal assistant.
(2) "Consumer" means:
(a) A purchaser of a wheelchair, if the wheelchair was purchased from a wheelchair
dealer or manufacturer for purposes other than resale;
(b) A person to whom a wheelchair is transferred for purposes other than resale, if such
transfer occurs before the expiration of the express warranty applicable to such wheelchair;
(c) A person who may enforce the express warranty applicable to a wheelchair; or
(d) A person who leases a wheelchair from a wheelchair lessor under a written lease.
(3) "Dealer" means a person or entity that is in the business of selling wheelchairs or any
agents of that person or entity. "Dealer" includes an alternative warranty service provider.
(4) (a) "Early termination cost" means any expense or obligation that a wheelchair lessor
incurs as a result of:
(I) Terminating a written lease before the termination date set forth in the lease; and
(II) Returning the wheelchair to the manufacturer.
(b) "Early termination cost" includes any prepayment penalty under a finance
arrangement.
(5) "Early termination savings" means any expense or obligation that a wheelchair lessor
avoids as a result of performing the acts described in paragraph (a) of subsection (4) of this
section. "Early termination savings" includes any interest charge that the wheelchair lessor
would have paid to finance the wheelchair or, if the wheelchair lessor did not finance the
wheelchair, the difference between the total amount the lessee was obligated to pay over the
period of the lease term remaining after the early termination date and the present value of that
amount on the early termination date.
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(6) "Express warranty" means an express warranty as set forth in sections 4-2-313 and 4-
2.5-210, C.R.S. An express warranty shall cover every part of a new wheelchair except the tires
and batteries.
(7) "Lessor" means a person or entity that leases a wheelchair to a consumer or that
holds the lessor's rights under a written lease or any agents of that person or entity.
(8) "Loaner" means a wheelchair that is provided to the consumer for use free of charge
that is not required to have the functional capabilities equal to or greater than those of the
original wheelchair but that meets the following conditions:
(a) It is in good working order;
(b) It performs at a minimum the most essential functions of the original wheelchair in
light of the disabilities of the user;
(c) It is usable by the consumer given the consumer's impairments; and
(d) Any difference between the loaner and the original wheelchair does not create a
threat to safety.
(9) "Manufacturer" means a person or entity that manufactures or assembles wheelchairs
and any agents of that person or entity, including an importer, a distributor, an authorized
servicer, a factory branch, a distributor branch, and warrantors of the manufacturer's
wheelchairs. "Manufacturer" does not include a dealer.
(10) "Modular assembly" means a device added to the wheelchair base to accommodate
the special needs of the consumer, such as seating systems, tilt or recline systems, and specially
adapted control modules.
(11) "Nonconformity" means a defect that substantially impairs the use, reliability,
value, or safety of a wheelchair and that is covered by an express warranty applicable to such
wheelchair or a component of such wheelchair. "Nonconformity" does not include a defect that
is the result of abuse, neglect, or the unauthorized modification or alteration of a wheelchair by a
consumer.
(12) "Reasonable attempt to repair" means that one of the following has occurred within
the term of an express warranty applicable to a new wheelchair or within one year after first
delivery of a wheelchair to a consumer, whichever occurs earlier:
(a) The same nonconformity is subject to repair at least three times by the manufacturer,
lessor, or any of the manufacturer's authorized dealers; or
(b) Because of a nonconformity, the wheelchair cannot be used by the consumer for an
aggregate of at least thirty days or ten consecutive business days.
(13) "Replacement wheelchair" means a wheelchair of comparable quality, size, and
function.
(14) "Selling dealer" means the entity that originally sold the wheelchair to the consumer
and was involved in the design, assembly, fitting, and education of the consumer on the use and
maintenance of the wheelchair.
(15) "Specialty control module" means the technologically advanced electronic device of
limited availability that contains the signal and output circuitry for a power wheelchair designed
and assembled for use by a specific individual with severe limitations who is unable to use a
standard control module.
(16) "Standard wheelchair" means a wheelchair that has seat width and depth
dimensions of sixteen to eighteen inches.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 28 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(17) "Wheelchair" means any wheelchair, scooter, or modular assembly, including a
demonstrator, that is motor driven or manually operated that a consumer purchases or accepts
transfer of in this state for the purposes of mobility assistance.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 605, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-403. Express warranty required - authorized servicers. (1) (a) Except as
provided in subsection (2) of this section, a consumer who purchases or leases a new wheelchair
either directly or indirectly through a dealer or lessor shall receive an express warranty for such
wheelchair. The manufacturer shall issue this express warranty that shall extend for not less than
one year after first delivery to the consumer.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, a selling dealer shall provide an
express warranty for any modifications made by the dealer that shall also extend for not less than
six months after first delivery to the consumer.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, the warranty for the
specialty control module shall be limited to the warranty provided by the manufacturer of such
specialty control module or ninety days, whichever is longer.
(3) If a manufacturer or dealer fails to furnish the express warranty required by this
section, the wheelchair shall be covered by a warranty the same as if an express warranty had
been provided by the manufacturer or dealer pursuant to this section.
(4) Any entity that sells or leases wheelchairs in this state, including any entity that sells
or leases through mail order or catalogue sales, shall designate an authorized servicer for such
chairs that is located in this state in reasonable proximity to the consumer.
(5) (a) In the event that the selling dealer from whom the consumer purchased the
wheelchair goes out of business or ceases to be an authorized dealer or service center for the
manufacturer, or if the dealer or consumer moves or relocates to a location that makes it
unreasonable for the consumer to seek warranty service from the selling dealer, or if the
consumer is dissatisfied with the selling dealer, the consumer shall be responsible for contacting
the manufacturer or another authorized dealer which will be responsible for facilitating the
warranty service required with an authorized dealer, to be mutually agreed upon by the consumer
and the manufacturer, which entity shall be referred to as the alternative warranty service
provider.
(b) In the event that an alternative warranty service provider is designated pursuant to
paragraph (a) of this subsection (5), the consumer may only seek warranty service from such
alternative warranty service provider.
(c) To the extent reasonable and possible, the manufacturer shall take into account the
independent mobility resources of the consumer when determining the alternative warranty
service provider pursuant to the provisions of this subsection (5).
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 607, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-404. Remedies. (1) If a new wheelchair does not conform to the applicable express
warranty and the consumer reports the nonconformity to the manufacturer, the lessor, the selling
dealer, or the alternative warranty service provider, and makes the wheelchair available for
repair within the warranty period, the nonconformity shall be repaired at no charge to the
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 29 of 210 Uncertified Printout
consumer. Any repairs performed pursuant to the provisions of this section shall be warranted
for a period not less than the original warranty period. When the wheelchair is not safely
moveable and there is no reasonable way for the consumer to deliver the wheelchair to the
manufacturer or dealer, the manufacturer or dealer shall be responsible for the return of the
wheelchair, or the wheelchair may be repaired on site at the option of the dealer.
(2) If the manufacturer authorizes the dealer or lessor to make the repair, the dealer or
lessor shall make the repair and then be reimbursed by the manufacturer for the dealer's or
lessor's cost for parts, labor, and repair if the nonconformity is a manufacturer's defect. A
manufacturer shall respond to the dealer's or lessor's request for authorization to make a repair
by the end of the business day that immediately follows the day such a request is made.
(3) When a wheelchair covered by an express warranty is tendered by a consumer to the
manufacturer, selling dealer, alternative warranty service provider, or lessor for the repair of a
defect, malfunction, or nonconformity to which the warranty is applicable, the consumer shall
receive a loaner if the out-of-service period exceeds one day and shall keep the loaner until the
requirements of section 6-1-405 or 6-1-406 are fulfilled. If the required loaner is not a standard
wheelchair, the manufacturer or dealer shall make a good faith effort to make available
alternative equipment that is usable by the consumer. The cost of the loaner shall be borne by the
entity responsible for the defect requiring the repair or replacement of the wheelchair as
provided in this section. The consumer shall have the duty to care for the loaner properly and to
protect against any damage to the chair.
(4) If a nonconformity is not repaired after a reasonable attempt to repair, the
manufacturer or dealer who originally supplied or modified the wheelchair, as required by this
section, shall:
(a) If the wheelchair was purchased, take the following action at the direction of the
consumer:
(I) Accept a return of the wheelchair, provide a replacement wheelchair of equal or
greater value, and refund any collateral costs to the consumer, a holder of a perfected security
interest in the wheelchair, or a third-party purchaser; or
(II) Accept a return of the wheelchair and refund to the consumer, holder of a perfected
security interest in the wheelchair, or third-party purchaser not more than the full purchase price
plus any finance charge, sales tax, shipping costs, and collateral costs paid;
(b) If the wheelchair was leased, take all of the following actions at the direction of the
consumer:
(I) Accept a return of the wheelchair;
(II) (A) Refund to the lessor and any holder of a perfected security interest in the
wheelchair the current value of the written lease.
(B) For purposes of this subparagraph (II), "current value of the written lease" means the
sum of the total amount for which the consumer is obligated during the term of the lease
remaining after the early termination date, the dealer's early termination costs, and the value of
the wheelchair on the lease expiration date, if the lease sets forth that value, less the lessor's early
termination savings.
(III) Refund to the consumer or third-party purchaser the amount paid under the lease
plus any collateral costs.
(5) (a) In the event that a dispute arises as to liability under this part 4 between or among
a manufacturer, dealer, lessor, or consumer, and the consumer is covered by any third-party
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 30 of 210 Uncertified Printout
insurer, such third-party insurer shall not be relieved of any obligation to provide benefits
covered under its plan or applicable law.
(b) In the event that a wheelchair is found to be defective, the third-party payor
described in paragraph (a) of this subsection (5) shall have all rights of recovery, including the
right to costs, that the consumer would have had under this part 4.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 608, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-405. Remedies for consumers of purchased wheelchairs - conditions. (1) To
receive a refund or a replacement wheelchair, the consumer of a purchased wheelchair shall first
offer to transfer the wheelchair with the nonconformity to the manufacturer, selling dealer, or
alternative warranty service provider.
(2) Within thirty business days after receipt of the offer described in subsection (1) of
this section, the manufacturer or dealer shall provide the consumer with a refund or a
replacement wheelchair.
(3) When a manufacturer or dealer provides a consumer with a refund or a replacement
wheelchair, such consumer shall return the wheelchair with the nonconformity, if such
wheelchair is safely operable, to the manufacturer or dealer with any endorsements necessary to
transfer possession to the manufacturer or dealer. When the wheelchair is not safely movable and
there is no reasonable way for the consumer to deliver the wheelchair to the manufacturer or
dealer, the manufacturer or dealer shall be responsible for the return of the wheelchair.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 610, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-406. Remedies for consumers of leased wheelchairs - conditions. (1) To receive a
refund due on a leased wheelchair, a consumer shall first offer to return the wheelchair with the
nonconformity to the lessor.
(2) Within thirty business days after receipt of the offer described in subsection (1) of
this section, the lessor shall provide the consumer with a refund.
(3) When a lessor provides a consumer with a refund, such consumer shall return the
wheelchair with the nonconformity to such lessor.
(4) A lessor shall offer to transfer to a manufacturer or dealer the possession of a
wheelchair returned pursuant to subsection (3) of this section. Within thirty business days after
receiving such offer, the manufacturer or dealer shall remit the refund amount to the lessor.
When the manufacturer or dealer makes such refund, the lessor shall provide the manufacturer or
dealer with the endorsements necessary to transfer possession to the manufacturer or dealer.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 610, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-407. Resale of a returned wheelchair - disclosure required. A wheelchair
returned pursuant to this part 4 by a consumer in this state, or by a consumer in another state
under a similar law of that state, shall not be sold or leased again in this state unless full
disclosure is made to the prospective consumer of the reasons for the return.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 611, § 1, effective July 1.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 31 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-1-408. Other remedies - waiver of rights void. (1) This part 4 shall not limit the
rights or remedies available to a consumer under any other law of this state.
(2) If a consumer waives the rights granted to consumers pursuant to this part 4, such
waiver shall be void as against public policy.
(3) Notwithstanding the remedies that are available to a consumer pursuant to this part 4,
a consumer may pursue any other remedy, including an action to recover for damages caused by
a violation of this part 4. If a manufacturer or dealer is found to have violated this part 4, a
consumer shall be awarded the amount of actual damages caused by the violation and reasonable
attorney fees. The consumer may be awarded collateral costs and punitive damages.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 611, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-409. Fraudulent acts. Any manufacturer, dealer, or lessor that engages in conduct
to delay making a final repair that is required as a consequence of the enforcement of warranties
or duties under this part 4 with the intention of requiring payment of the cost of such repair to be
made by a publicly funded program of public assistance, medical assistance, or rehabilitation
assistance commits the crime of theft, which crime shall be classified in accordance with section
18-4-401 (2), C.R.S., and which crime shall be punished as provided in section 18-1.3-401,
C.R.S., if the crime is classified as a felony, or section 18-1.3-501, C.R.S., if the crime is
classified as a misdemeanor.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 611, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2002: Entire section
amended, p. 1465, § 13, effective October 1.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration contained in the 2002 act amending this
section, see section 1 of chapter 318, Session Laws of Colorado 2002.
6-1-410. Arbitration. Disputes among manufacturers, dealers, and lessors concerning
the enforcement of rights or remedies of consumers under this part 4 shall be subject to
arbitration pursuant to the Colorado rules of civil procedure. The award of the arbitration panel
shall be binding upon the parties and shall only be subject to court review by trial de novo.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 611, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-411. Defect notification. (1) A manufacturer shall be responsible for providing
written notification to an owner, user, purchaser, dealer, lessor, or consumer of any known or
discovered inherent defect in a wheelchair that affects the safety, usability, or reliability of that
wheelchair. The manufacturer shall send such notification by first class mail to the last known
address of the owner, user, purchaser, dealer, lessor, or consumer within fourteen days after
learning of such a defect.
(2) A manufacturer shall be responsible for the costs of providing the notification
required in subsection (1) of this section and for all costs associated with correcting any defect
described in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) The provisions of this section shall apply without time limitations.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 32 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 611, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-412. Disclosures. (1) Prior to the sale of any wheelchair, the seller shall disclose
whether the wheelchair is new or used and whether any warranty applies to such wheelchair.
(2) Upon delivery of a new or used wheelchair, the seller shall advise the buyer of any
warranty rights under this part 4 and the wheelchair's maintenance schedule and operating
instructions and shall provide the buyer with a copy of the owner's manual.
(3) The disclosure required pursuant to subsection (1) of this section and the advisement
required pursuant to subsection (2) of this section shall be in writing and shall, in the case of
buyer who is a person adjudicated not mentally competent, be provided to the guardian, parent,
legal custodian, or primary caregiver of such person.
Source: L. 97: Entire part added, p. 612, § 1, effective July 1.
PART 5
WARRANTIES FOR FACILITATIVE TECHNOLOGY ACT
6-1-501. Definitions. As used in this part 5, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Collateral costs" means expenses incurred by a consumer in connection with the
repair of a nonconformity in a facilitative device, including the cost of an alternative facilitative
device or other facilitative device or service.
(2) "Consumer" means:
(a) A purchaser of a facilitative device, if the facilitative device was purchased from a
dealer or manufacturer for purposes other than resale;
(b) A person to whom a facilitative device is transferred for purposes other than resale, if
such transfer occurs before the expiration of the express warranty applicable to such facilitative
device;
(c) A person who may enforce the express warranty applicable to a facilitative device; or
(d) A person who leases a facilitative device from a lessor under a written lease.
(3) "Dealer" means a person or entity that is in the business of selling facilitative
devices, or any agents of that person or entity. "Dealer" includes an alternative warranty service
provider.
(4) (a) "Early termination cost" means any expense or obligation that a lessor of
facilitative devices incurs as a result of:
(I) Terminating a written lease before the termination date set forth in the lease; and
(II) Returning the facilitative device to the manufacturer.
(b) "Early termination cost" includes any prepayment penalty under a finance
arrangement.
(5) "Early termination savings" means any expense or obligation that a lessor of
facilitative devices avoids as a result of performing the acts described in paragraph (a) of
subsection (4) of this section. "Early termination savings" includes any interest charge that the
lessor of facilitative devices would have paid to finance the facilitative device or, if the lessor did
not finance the facilitative device, the difference between the total amount the lessee was
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 33 of 210 Uncertified Printout
obligated to pay over the period of the lease term remaining after the early termination date and
the present value of that amount on the early termination date.
(6) "Express warranty" means an express warranty as set forth in sections 4-2-313 and 4-
2.5-210, C.R.S. An express warranty shall cover every part of a new facilitative device.
(7) "Facilitative device" means a device that has a retail price equal to or greater than
one hundred dollars and that is exclusively designed and manufactured to assist a person with a
disability with such person's specific disability, through the use of facilitative technology, to be
self-sufficient or to maintain or improve that person's quality of life. "Facilitative device" does
not include wheelchairs as that term is defined in section 6-1-402 (17). "Facilitative device" does
include:
(a) Telephone communication devices for the hearing impaired and other facilitative
listening devices except for hearing aids, as defined in section 12-29.9-101 (5), C.R.S., and
surgically implanted hearing devices, as defined in section 12-29.9-101 (8), C.R.S.;
(b) Computer equipment and reading devices with voice input or output, optical
scanners, talking software, braille printers, and other aids and devices that provide access to text
by a person with a disability;
(c) Computer equipment with voice output, artificial larynges, voice amplification
devices, and other alternative and augmentative communication devices;
(d) Voice recognition computer equipment, software and hardware accommodations, and
other forms of alternative access to computers for persons with disabilities; and
(e) Any other device, other than a wheelchair, that enables a person with a disability to
communicate, see, hear, or maneuver.
(8) "Facilitative technology" means technology used to develop technological devices to
be used exclusively for the purpose of assisting a person with a disability with respect to such
person's specific disability by facilitating or enhancing that person's ability to be self-sufficient.
(9) "Lessor" means a person or entity that leases a facilitative device to a consumer or
that holds the lessor's rights under a written lease, or any agents of that person or entity.
(10) "Manufacturer" means a person or entity that manufactures or assembles facilitative
devices and any agents of that person or entity, including an importer, a distributor, an
authorized servicer, a factory branch, a distributor branch, and warrantors of the manufacturer's
facilitative devices. "Manufacturer" does not include a dealer.
(11) "Nonconformity" means a defect that substantially impairs the use, reliability,
value, or safety of a facilitative device and that is covered by an express warranty applicable to
such facilitative device or a component of such facilitative device. "Nonconformity" does not
include a defect that is the result of abuse, neglect, or the unauthorized modification or alteration
of a facilitative device by a consumer.
(12) "Person with a disability" means a person who is considered to have a mental or
physical disability, impairment, or handicap for purposes of any other law of this state or of the
United States, including any rule or regulation.
(13) "Reasonable attempt to repair" means that one of the following has occurred within
the term of an express warranty applicable to a new facilitative device or within one year after
first delivery of a facilitative device to a consumer, whichever occurs earlier:
(a) The same nonconformity is subject to repair at least three times by the manufacturer,
the lessor, or any of the manufacturer's authorized dealers; or
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 34 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(b) Because of a nonconformity, the facilitative device cannot be used by the consumer
for an aggregate of at least thirty days.
(14) "Replacement facilitative device" means a facilitative device of comparable quality,
size, and function.
(15) "Selling dealer" means the entity that originally sold the facilitative device to the
consumer and was involved in the design, assembly, fitting, and education of the consumer on
the use and maintenance of the facilitative device.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 194, § 1, effective July 1. L. 99: (7)(a) amended, p.
654, § 9, effective May 18. L. 2007: (7)(a) amended, p. 809, § 3, effective July 1. L. 2013: IP(7)
and (7)(a) amended, (SB 13-039), ch. 288, p. 1536, § 3, effective May 24.
6-1-502. Express warranty required - authorized servicers. (1) A consumer who
purchases or leases a new facilitative device either directly or indirectly through a dealer or
lessor shall receive an express warranty for such facilitative device. The manufacturer shall issue
this express warranty that shall extend for not less than one year after first delivery to the
consumer.
(2) If a manufacturer or dealer fails to furnish the express warranty required by this
section, the facilitative device shall be covered by a warranty the same as if an express warranty
had been provided by the manufacturer or dealer pursuant to this section.
(3) Any entity that sells or leases facilitative devices in this state, including any entity
that sells or leases through mail order or catalogue sales, shall designate an authorized servicer
for such facilitative devices that is accessible to the consumer.
(4) (a) In the event that the selling dealer from whom the consumer purchased the
facilitative device goes out of business or ceases to be an authorized dealer or service center for
the manufacturer, or if the dealer or consumer moves or relocates to a location that makes it
unreasonable for the consumer to seek warranty service from the selling dealer, or if the
consumer is dissatisfied with the selling dealer, the consumer shall be responsible for contacting
the manufacturer or another authorized dealer which will be responsible for facilitating the
warranty service required with an authorized dealer, to be mutually agreed upon by the consumer
and the manufacturer, which entity shall be referred to as the "alternative warranty service
provider".
(b) In the event that an alternative warranty service provider is designated pursuant to
paragraph (a) of this subsection (4), the consumer may only seek warranty service from such
alternative warranty service provider.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 197, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-503. Remedies. (1) If a new facilitative device does not conform to the applicable
express warranty and the consumer reports the nonconformity to the manufacturer, the lessor, the
selling dealer, or the alternative warranty service provider and makes the facilitative device
available for repair within the warranty period, the nonconformity shall be repaired at no charge
to the consumer. Any repairs performed pursuant to the provisions of this section shall be
warranted for a period not less than the original warranty period.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 35 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(2) If the manufacturer authorizes the dealer or lessor to make the repair, the dealer or
lessor shall make the repair and then be reimbursed by the manufacturer for the dealer's or
lessor's cost for parts, labor, and repair if the nonconformity is a manufacturer's defect. A
manufacturer shall respond to the dealer's or lessor's request for authorization to make a repair
within three business days after such a request is made.
(3) If a nonconformity is not repaired after a reasonable attempt to repair, the
manufacturer or dealer who originally supplied or modified the facilitative device, as required by
this section, shall:
(a) If the facilitative device was purchased, take the following action at the direction of
the consumer:
(I) Accept a return of the facilitative device, provide a replacement facilitative device of
equal or greater value, and refund any collateral costs to the consumer, a holder of a perfected
security interest in the facilitative device, or a third-party purchaser; or
(II) Accept a return of the facilitative device and refund to the consumer, holder of a
perfected security interest in the facilitative device, or third-party purchaser not more than the
full purchase price plus any finance charge, sales tax, shipping costs, and collateral costs paid;
(b) If the facilitative device was leased, take all of the following actions at the direction
of the consumer:
(I) Accept a return of the facilitative device;
(II) (A) Refund to the lessor or any holder of a perfected security interest in the
facilitative device the current value of the written lease.
(B) For purposes of this subparagraph (II), "current value of the written lease" means the
sum of the total amount for which the consumer is obligated during the term of the lease
remaining after the early termination date, the dealer's early termination costs, and the value of
the facilitative device on the lease expiration date, if the lease sets forth that value, less the
lessor's early termination savings.
(III) Refund to the consumer or third-party purchaser the amount paid under the lease
plus any collateral costs.
(4) (a) In the event that a dispute arises as to liability under this part 5 between or among
a manufacturer, dealer, lessor, or consumer and the consumer is covered by any third-party
insurer, such third-party insurer shall not be relieved of any obligation to provide benefits
covered under its plan or applicable law.
(b) In the event that a facilitative device is found to be defective, the third-party payor
described in paragraph (a) of this subsection (4) shall have all rights of recovery, including the
right to costs, that the consumer would have had under this part 5.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 198, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-504. Remedies for consumers of purchased facilitative devices - conditions. (1)
To receive a refund or a replacement facilitative device, the consumer of a purchased facilitative
device shall first offer to transfer the facilitative device with the nonconformity to the
manufacturer, selling dealer, or alternative warranty service provider.
(2) Within thirty business days after receipt of the offer described in subsection (1) of
this section, the manufacturer or dealer shall provide the consumer with a refund or a
replacement facilitative device.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 36 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(3) When a manufacturer or dealer provides a consumer with a refund or a replacement
facilitative device, such consumer shall return the facilitative device with the nonconformity to
the manufacturer or dealer with any endorsements necessary to transfer possession to the
manufacturer or dealer.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 199, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-505. Remedies for consumers of leased facilitative devices - conditions. (1) To
receive a refund due on a leased facilitative device, a consumer shall first offer to return the
facilitative device with the nonconformity to the lessor.
(2) Within thirty business days after receipt of the offer described in subsection (1) of
this section, the lessor shall provide the consumer with a refund.
(3) When a lessor provides a consumer with a refund, such consumer shall return the
facilitative device with the nonconformity to such lessor.
(4) A lessor shall offer to transfer to the manufacturer or dealer possession of the
facilitative device returned pursuant to subsection (3) of this section. Within thirty business days
after receiving such offer, the manufacturer or dealer shall remit the refund amount to the lessor.
When the manufacturer or dealer makes such refund, the lessor shall provide the manufacturer or
dealer with the endorsements necessary to transfer possession to the manufacturer or dealer.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 199, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-506. Resale of a returned facilitative device - disclosure required. A facilitative
device returned pursuant to this part 5 by a consumer in this state, or by a consumer in another
state under a similar law of that state, shall not be sold or leased again in this state unless full
disclosure is made to the prospective consumer of the reasons for the return.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 200, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-507. Other remedies - waiver of rights void - limitation of coverage. (1) This
part 5 shall not limit the rights or remedies available to a consumer under any other law of this
state.
(2) This part 5 shall be in addition to and shall not limit the rights or remedies available
to a consumer under any manufacturer's warranty with respect to a facilitative device or other
technological device designed to be used by and assist a person with a disability, regardless of
the retail price of the facilitative device or other technological device.
(3) If a consumer waives the rights granted to consumers pursuant to this part 5, such
waiver shall be void as against public policy.
(4) Notwithstanding the remedies that are available to a consumer pursuant to this part 5,
a consumer may pursue any other remedy, including an action to recover damages caused by a
violation of this part 5. If a manufacturer or dealer is found to have violated this part 5, a
consumer shall be awarded the amount of actual damages caused by the violation and reasonable
attorney fees. The consumer may be awarded collateral costs and punitive damages.
(5) Nothing in this part 5 shall be deemed or construed to be a warranty to consumers of
wheelchairs described in part 4 of this article.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 37 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 200, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-508. Fraudulent acts. Any manufacturer, dealer, or lessor that engages in conduct
to delay making a final repair that is required as a consequence of the enforcement of warranties
or duties under this part 5 with the intention of requiring payment of the cost of such repair to be
made by a publicly funded program of public assistance, medical assistance, or rehabilitation
assistance commits the crime of theft, which crime shall be classified in accordance with section
18-4-401 (2), C.R.S., and which crime shall be punished as provided in section 18-1.3-401,
C.R.S., if the crime is classified as a felony, or section 18-1.3-501, C.R.S., if the crime is
classified as a misdemeanor.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 200, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2002: Entire section
amended, p. 1465, § 14, effective October 1.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration contained in the 2002 act amending this
section, see section 1 of chapter 318, Session Laws of Colorado 2002.
6-1-509. Arbitration. Disputes among manufacturers, dealers, and lessors concerning
the enforcement of rights or remedies of consumers under this part 5 shall be subject to
arbitration pursuant to the Colorado rules of civil procedure. The award of the arbitration panel
shall be binding upon the parties and shall only be subject to court review by trial de novo.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 200, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-510. Defect notification. (1) A manufacturer shall be responsible for providing
written notification to an owner, user, purchaser, dealer, lessor, or consumer of any known or
discovered inherent defect in a facilitative device that affects the safety, usability, or reliability
of that facilitative device. The manufacturer shall send such notification by first-class mail to the
last-known address of the owner, user, purchaser, dealer, lessor, or consumer within fourteen
days after learning of such a defect.
(2) A manufacturer shall be responsible for the costs of providing the notification
required in subsection (1) of this section and for all costs associated with correcting any defect
described in subsection (1) of this section.
(3) The provisions of this section shall apply without time limitations.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 201, § 1, effective July 1.
6-1-511. Disclosures. (1) Prior to the sale of any facilitative device, the seller shall
disclose whether the facilitative device is new or used and whether any warranty applies to such
facilitative device.
(2) Upon delivery of a new or used facilitative device, the seller shall advise the
consumer of any warranty rights under this part 5 and the facilitative device's maintenance
schedule and operating instructions and shall provide the consumer with a copy of the owner's
manual.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 38 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(3) The disclosure required pursuant to subsection (1) of this section and the advisement
required pursuant to subsection (2) of this section shall be in writing and shall, in the case of a
consumer who is a person adjudicated not mentally competent, be provided to the guardian,
parent, legal custodian, or primary caregiver of such person.
Source: L. 98: Entire part added, p. 201, § 1, effective July 1.
PART 6
SELLERS OF MANUFACTURED HOMES - REGISTRATION,
ESCROW AND BONDING,
AND CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS
6-1-601 to 6-1-606. (Repealed)
Source: L. 2003: Entire part repealed, p. 532, § 1, effective March 5.
Editor's note: This part 6 was added in 1999 and was not amended prior to its repeal in
2003. For the text of this part 6 prior to 2003, consult the 2002 Colorado Revised Statutes.
PART 7
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS
Editor's note: This part 7 was added with relocations in 1999. Former C.R.S. section
numbers are shown in editor's notes following those sections that were relocated.
6-1-701. Dispensing hearing aids - deceptive trade practices - definitions. (1) As
used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Dispense", with regard to a hearing aid, means to sell or transfer title, possession, or
the right to use by lease, bailment, or any other method. The term does not apply to wholesale
transactions with distributors or dealers.
(b) "Dispenser" means a person who dispenses hearing aids.
(c) (I) "Hearing aid" means any wearable instrument or device designed or offered to aid
or compensate for impaired human hearing and includes:
(A) Any parts, attachments, or accessories to the instrument or device, as defined in
rules adopted by the director of the division of professions and occupations in the department of
regulatory agencies; and
(B) Ear molds, excluding batteries and cords.
(II) "Hearing aid" does not include a surgically implanted hearing device.
(d) "Practice of dispensing, fitting, or dealing in hearing aids" includes:
(I) Selecting and adapting hearing aids for sale;
(II) Testing human hearing for purposes of selecting and adapting hearing aids for sale;
and
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(III) Making impressions for ear molds and counseling and instructing prospective users
for purposes of selecting, fitting, adapting, or selling hearing aids.
(e) "Surgically implanted hearing device" means a device that is designed to produce
useful hearing sensations to a person with a hearing impairment and that has, as one or more
components, a unit that is surgically implanted into the ear, skull, or other interior part of the
body. The term includes any associated unit that may be worn on the body.
(2) In addition to any other deceptive trade practices under section 6-1-105, a dispenser
engages in a deceptive trade practice when the dispenser:
(a) Fails to deliver to each person to whom the dispenser dispenses a hearing aid a
receipt that:
(I) Bears the business address of the dispenser together with specifications as to the
make and serial number of the hearing aid furnished and the full terms of the sale clearly stated.
If the dispenser dispenses a hearing aid that is not new, the dispenser shall clearly mark on the
hearing aid container and the receipt the term "used" or "reconditioned", whichever is applicable,
within the terms of the guarantee, if any.
(II) Bears, in no smaller type than the largest used in the body of the receipt, in
substance, a provision that the buyer has been advised at the outset of the buyer's relationship
with the dispenser that any examination or representation made by a dispenser in connection
with the practice of dispensing, fitting, or dealing in hearing aids is not an examination,
diagnosis, or prescription by a person licensed to practice medicine in this state and, therefore,
must not be regarded as medical opinion or advice;
(III) Bears, in no smaller type than the largest used in the body of the receipt, a provision
indicating that dispensers who are licensed, certified, or registered by the department of
regulatory agencies are regulated by the division of professions and occupations in the
department of regulatory agencies;
(IV) Bears a provision labeled "warranty" in which the exact warranty terms and periods
available from the manufacturer are documented, or includes an original or photocopy of the
original manufacturer's warranty with the receipt;
(b) Dispenses a hearing aid to a child under eighteen years of age without receiving
documentation that the child has been examined by a licensed physician and an audiologist
within six months prior to the fitting;
(c) (I) Fails to receive from a licensed physician, before dispensing, fitting, or selling a
hearing aid to any person, a written prescription or recommendation, issued within the previous
six months, that specifies that the person is a candidate for a hearing aid; except that any person
eighteen years of age or older who objects to medical evaluation on the basis of religious or
personal beliefs may waive the requirement by delivering to the dispenser a written waiver;
(II) Dispenses, adjusts, provides training or teaching in regard to, or otherwise services
surgically implanted hearing devices unless the dispenser is an audiologist or physician;
(d) Fails to recommend in writing, prior to fitting or dispensing a hearing aid, that the
best interests of the prospective user would be served by consulting a licensed physician
specializing in diseases of the ear, or any licensed physician, if any of the following conditions
exist:
(I) Visible congenital or traumatic deformity of the ear;
(II) Active drainage of the ear, or a history of drainage of the ear within the previous
ninety days;
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(III) History of sudden or rapidly progressive hearing loss;
(IV) Acute or chronic dizziness;
(V) Unilateral hearing loss of sudden onset within the previous ninety days;
(VI) Audiometric air-bone gap equal to or greater than fifteen decibels at 500 hertz (Hz),
1,000 Hz, and 2,000 Hz;
(VII) Visible evidence of significant cerumen accumulation on, or a foreign body in, the
ear canal;
(VIII) Pain or discomfort in the ear;
(e) Fails to provide a minimum thirty-day rescission period with the following terms:
(I) The buyer has the right to cancel the purchase for any reason before the expiration of
the rescission period by giving or mailing written notice of cancellation to the dispenser and
presenting the hearing aid to the dispenser, unless the hearing aid has been lost or significantly
damaged beyond repair while in the buyer's possession and control. The rescission period is
tolled for any period during which a dispenser takes possession or control of a hearing aid after
its original delivery.
(II) The buyer, upon cancellation, is entitled to receive a full refund of any payment
made for the hearing aid within thirty days after returning the hearing aid to the dispenser, unless
the hearing aid was significantly damaged beyond repair while the hearing aid was in the buyer's
possession and control;
(III) (A) The dispenser shall provide a written receipt or contract to the buyer that
includes, in immediate proximity to the space reserved for the signature of the buyer, the
following specific statement in all capital letters of no less than ten-point, bold-faced type:
THE BUYER HAS THE RIGHT TO CANCEL THIS PURCHASE FOR ANY
REASON AT ANY TIME PRIOR TO 12 MIDNIGHT ON THE [insert applicable rescission
period, which must be no shorter than thirty days after receipt of the hearing aid] CALENDAR
DAY AFTER RECEIPT OF THE HEARING AID BY GIVING OR MAILING THE
DISPENSER WRITTEN NOTICE OF CANCELLATION AND BY RETURNING THE
HEARING AID, UNLESS THE HEARING AID HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY
DAMAGED BEYOND REPAIR WHILE THE HEARING AID WAS IN THE BUYER'S
CONTROL.
(B) The written contract or receipt provided to the buyer must also contain a statement,
in print size no smaller than ten-point type, that the sale is void and unenforceable if the hearing
aid being purchased is not delivered to the consumer within thirty days after the date the written
contract is signed or the receipt is issued, whichever occurs later. The written contract or receipt
must also include the dispenser's license, certification, or registration number, if the dispenser is
required to be licensed, certified or registered by the state, and a statement that the dispenser will
promptly refund all moneys paid for the purchase of a hearing aid if it is not delivered to the
consumer within the thirty-day period. The buyer cannot waive this requirement, and any
attempt to waive it is void.
(IV) A refund request form must be attached to each receipt and must contain the
information in subparagraph (I) of paragraph (a) of this subsection (2) and the statement, in all
capital letters of no less than ten-point, bold-faced type: "Refund request - this form must be
postmarked by _________ (Date to be filled in). No refund will be given until the hearing aid or
hearing aids are returned to the dispenser." A space for the buyer's address, telephone number,
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and signature must be provided. The buyer is required only to sign, list the buyer's current
address and telephone number, and mail the refund request form to the dispenser. If the hearing
aid is sold in the buyer's home, the buyer may require the dispenser to arrange the return of the
hearing aid.
(f) Represents that the service or advice of a person licensed to practice medicine will be
used or made available in the selection, fitting, adjustment, maintenance, or repair of hearing
aids when that is not true or using the terms "doctor", "clinic", "state-licensed clinic", "stateregistered", "state-certified", or "state-approved" or any other term, abbreviation, or symbol
when it would:
(I) Falsely give the impression that service is being provided by persons trained in
medicine or that the dispenser's service has been recommended by the state when that is not the
case; or
(II) Be false or misleading;
(g) Directly or indirectly:
(I) Gives or offers to give, or permits or causes to be given, money or anything of value
to any person who advises another in a professional capacity as an inducement to influence the
person or have the person influence others to purchase or contract to purchase products sold or
offered for sale by the dispenser; except that a dispenser does not violate this subparagraph (I) if
the dispenser pays an independent advertising or marketing agent compensation for advertising
or marketing services the agent rendered on the dispenser's behalf, including compensation that
is paid for the results or performance of the services on a per-patient basis; or
(II) Influences or attempts to influence any person to refrain from dealing in the products
of competitors;
(h) Dispenses a hearing aid to a person who has not been given tests utilizing appropriate
established procedures and instrumentation in the fitting of hearing aids, except when selling a
replacement hearing aid within one year after the date of the original purchase;
(i) Makes a false or misleading statement of fact concerning goods or services or the
buyer's right to cancel with the intention or effect of deterring or preventing the buyer from
exercising the buyer's right to cancel, or refuses to honor a buyer's request to cancel a contract
for the purchase of a hearing aid, if the request was made during the rescission period set forth in
paragraph (e) of this subsection (2);
(j) Employs a device, a scheme, or artifice with the intent to defraud a buyer of a hearing
aid;
(k) Intentionally disposes of, conceals, diverts, converts, or otherwise fails to account for
any funds or assets of a buyer of a hearing aid that is under the dispenser's control; or
(l) Charges, collects, or recovers any cost or fee for any good or service that has been
represented by the dispenser as free.
(3) (a) This section applies to a dispenser who dispenses hearing aids in this state.
(b) This section does not apply to the dispensing of hearing aids outside of this state so
long as the transaction either conforms to this section or to the applicable laws and rules of the
jurisdiction in which the transaction takes place.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 637, § 2, effective May 18. L. 2000:
(1)(d), (1)(f), IP(2), (2)(a)(I), (2)(a)(II), (2)(a)(III), (2)(c)(I), (2)(c)(II), (2)(e)(I), (2)(e)(II),
(2)(e)(III), (2)(g), and (2)(j) amended and (1)(e.5) added, p. 1092, § 11, effective July 1; (1)(a)
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 42 of 210 Uncertified Printout
amended, p. 1837, § 1, effective August 2. L. 2007: Entire section repealed, p. 810, § 4, effective
July 1. L. 2013: Entire section RC&RE, (SB 13-228), ch. 271, p. 1420, § 1, effective May 24.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-1-105.5, as it existed prior to 1999.
6-1-702. Unsolicited facsimiles - deceptive trade practice - definitions. (1) A person
engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's business, vocation, or
occupation, such person:
(a) Uses a telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other device to send an unsolicited
advertisement to a telephone facsimile machine;
(b) Uses a computer or other electronic device to send any message via a telephone
facsimile machine unless such person clearly marks, in a margin at the top or bottom of each
transmitted page of the message or on the first page of the transmission:
(I) The date and time the facsimile is sent;
(II) An identification of the person sending the facsimile; and
(III) The telephone number of the sending machine of the person; or
(c) Violates 47 U.S.C. sec. 227 or any rule promulgated thereunder.
(2) For the purposes of this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Telephone facsimile machine" means equipment that has the capacity to:
(I) Transcribe text or images from paper into an electronic signal and to transmit that
signal over a regular telephone line; or
(II) Transcribe text or images from an electronic signal received over a regular telephone
line onto paper.
(b) "Unsolicited advertisement" means material that advertises the commercial
availability or quality of any property, good, or service and that is transmitted to a person
without that person's prior express invitation or permission.
(3) (a) The provisions of this section shall not apply to:
(I) A person who has an existing business relationship with the person receiving a
facsimile; or
(II) A nonprofit organization operating pursuant to 26 U.S.C. sec. 501 (c) of the federal
"Internal Revenue Code of 1986", as amended, that sends a facsimile to a nonmember recipient,
if the nonprofit organization has received, by facsimile or other means, such nonmember
recipient's prior express written invitation or permission to deliver facsimiles that includes the
recipient's signature and facsimile number.
(b) For the purposes of this subsection (3), "existing business relationship" means a
relationship formed by a voluntary two-way communication between a person or entity and a
residential or business subscriber, with or without an exchange of consideration on the basis of
an inquiry, application, purchase, membership, or transaction by the residential or business
subscriber regarding products or services offered by such person or entity.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 641, § 2, effective May 18. L. 2004:
Entire section R&RE, p. 406, § 1, effective August 4. L. 2005: (3) added, p. 463, § 1, effective
May 4.
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Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(p.3), (1)(p.5), and (1)(p.7),
as it existed prior to 1999.
6-1-702.5. Commercial electronic mail messages - deceptive trade practice -
remedies - definitions - short title - legislative declaration. (1) This section shall be known
and may be cited as the "Spam Reduction Act of 2008".
(2) A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's
business, vocation, or occupation, such person:
(a) Violates any provision of the federal "Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited
Pornography and Marketing (‘CAN-SPAM’) Act of 2003", 15 U.S.C. secs. 7701 to 7713, or any
rule promulgated under the federal act that can be enforced by states or providers of internet
access service pursuant to 15 U.S.C. sec. 7706 (f) or (g);
(b) Knowingly fails to disclose the actual point-of-origin electronic mail address of a
commercial electronic mail message in order to mislead or deceive the recipient as to the source
or sender of the message;
(c) Knowingly falsifies electronic mail transmission information or other routing
information for a commercial electronic mail message in order to mislead or deceive the
recipient as to the source or sender of the message;
(d) Knowingly uses a third party's internet address or domain name without the third
party's consent for the purposes of transmitting a commercial electronic mail message; or
(e) Knowingly sends a commercial electronic mail message to any person that has
previously given the sender a do-not-email directive under 15 U.S.C. sec. 7704 (a)(3)(A) or
provides the electronic mail address of any such person to a third party for the purpose of
enabling the third party to send a commercial electronic mail message, other than pursuant to
affirmative consent, to that electronic mail address.
(3) As used in this section:
(a) "Affirmative consent" has the same meaning as set forth in 15 U.S.C. sec. 7702.
(b) "Commercial electronic mail message" has the same meaning as set forth in 15
U.S.C. sec. 7702.
(c) "Electronic mail service provider" means a provider of internet access service, as
defined in 47 U.S.C. sec. 231.
(d) "Sender" has the same meaning as set forth in 15 U.S.C. sec. 7702.
(4) (a) In the case of any violation of this section, an electronic mail service provider
whose network or facilities were used in the transmission or attempted transmission of a
commercial electronic mail message may file a civil action in a court of competent jurisdiction
and may, upon proof of such violation, recover such sums as are allowed under this subsection
(4).
(b) (I) In any such action, if the electronic mail service provider prevails, the provider
shall be entitled to actual damages. Upon a showing that the sender of a commercial electronic
mail message violated any provision of this section, whether or not the violation resulted in a
financial loss or injury, the electronic mail service provider may recover attorney fees and costs.
(II) In any such action, if the electronic mail service provider prevails, the provider is
also entitled to recover, as part of the judgment, statutory damages in the amount of one
thousand dollars for each commercial electronic mail message transmitted in violation of this
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section; except that the total amount of statutory damages awarded against a single defendant
based on one transaction or occurrence shall not exceed ten million dollars.
(c) The remedies, duties, prohibitions, and penalties of this subsection (4) are not
exclusive and are in addition to all other causes of action, remedies, and penalties provided by
law.
(d) At the request of any party to an action brought pursuant to this subsection (4), the
court may, in its discretion, conduct all legal proceedings in such a way as to protect the secrecy
and security of any computer, computer network, computer data, or computer software involved
in order to prevent possible recurrence of the same or similar conduct by another person and to
protect the trade secrets of any party.
(e) Electronic mail service providers that adopt and implement terms, conditions, or
technical measures in good faith to prevent or prohibit the origination or transmission of
commercial electronic mail messages in violation of this section shall be immune from civil
liability for any such actions, and no provision of this section shall be construed to create any
liability for such actions.
(f) No electronic mail service provider shall be liable for the mere transmission of
commercial electronic mail messages over the provider's computer network or facilities.
(g) This section shall not be construed to require any electronic mail service provider to
carry or deliver any electronic mail merely because a sender complies with the provisions of this
section.
(h) This section shall apply when a commercial electronic mail message is sent to a
computer located in Colorado or to an electronic mail address that the sender knows, or has
reason to know, is held by a Colorado resident.
(5) (a) The attorney general is hereby specifically authorized to take all actions and
invoke all remedies authorized under 15 U.S.C. sec. 7706 (f) to enforce this section. Such actions
and remedies are not exclusive and are in addition to all other causes of action, remedies, and
penalties provided by this article and any other state or federal law.
(b) The attorney general is encouraged to and may, in his or her discretion, cooperate
with an electronic mail service provider in an action by such provider under 15 U.S.C. sec. 7706
(g).
(6) The general assembly:
(a) Finds that all violations of the federal "CAN-SPAM Act of 2003" are inherently false
and deceptive;
(b) Determines that falsity and deception in any portion of a commercial electronic mail
message or an attachment thereto harms Colorado consumers and threatens Colorado's economy;
and
(c) Declares that the intent of this section and of section 18-5-308, C.R.S., is to exercise
state authority in a manner consistent with, and to the maximum extent permissible under, the
federal preemption provisions of 15 U.S.C. sec. 7707 (b).
Source: L. 2008: Entire section added, p. 593, § 1, effective August 5.
6-1-703. Time shares and resale time shares - deceptive trade practices. (1) A
person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of the person's business,
vocation, or occupation, the person engages in one or more of the following activities in
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connection with the advertisement or sale of a time share or the provision of a time share resale
service:
(a) Misrepresents:
(I) The investment, resale, or rental value of any time share;
(II) The conditions under which a purchaser may exchange the right to use
accommodations or facilities in one location for the right to use accommodations or facilities in
another location; or
(III) The period of time during which the accommodations or facilities contracted for
will be available to the purchaser;
(b) Fails to allow any purchaser a right to rescind the sale of a time share or a time share
resale service within five calendar days after the sale;
(c) (I) Fails to provide conspicuous notice on the contract of the right of a purchaser of a
time share or time share resale service to rescind the sale in writing either by electronic means,
mail, or hand delivery.
(II) For purposes of this section, notice of rescission is given:
(A) If by mail, when postmarked;
(B) If by electronic mail or other electronic means, when sent; or
(C) If by hand delivery, when delivered to the seller's place of business.
(d) Fails to refund any down payment or deposit made pursuant to a time share contract
or contract for time share resale service within seven days after the seller or time share resale
entity receives the purchaser's written notice of rescission; except that, if the purchaser's check
has not cleared at the time notice of rescission is received, the person has seven additional days
after receipt of funds from the purchaser's cleared check to refund the down payment or deposit;
(e) With respect to the sale or solicitation of any time share resale service, makes false or
misleading statements, including statements concerning:
(I) The existence of offers to buy or rent the resale time share;
(II) The likelihood of, or the time necessary to complete, any sale, rental, transfer, or
invalidation;
(III) The value of the resale time share;
(IV) The current or future costs of owning the resale time share, including assessments,
maintenance fees, or taxes;
(V) How amounts paid by the purchaser of the time share resale service will be utilized;
(VI) The method or source from which the name, address, telephone number, or other
contact information of the owner of the resale time share was obtained;
(VII) The identity of the time share resale entity or that entity's affiliates; or
(VIII) The terms and conditions upon which the time share resale service is offered;
(f) Engages in any time share resale service without first obtaining a written contract to
provide the service, which contract is signed by the purchaser of the time share resale service
and complies with the requirements of this section. For purposes of paragraph (c) of this
subsection (1), the required notice of rescission rights applicable to a contract for a time share
resale service is conspicuous if printed in at least fourteen-point, bold-faced type immediately
preceding the space in the contract provided for the purchaser's signature. In addition to any
other remedy provided in this article, a time share resale service contract that does not satisfy the
requirements of this section is voidable at the option of the purchaser for up to one year after the
date the purchaser executes the contract.
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(g) With respect to time share resale transfer agreements, fails to comply with any
provision of, or otherwise makes false or misleading statements in connection with, any
disclosure or other act required to be made or observed under section 6-1-703.5.
(2) The unlawful practices listed in this section are in addition to, and do not limit, the
types of deceptive trade practices actionable under section 6-1-105.
(3) No person shall knowingly circumvent the requirements of this section or section 6-
1-703.5.
(4) (a) A person who, as director, officer, or agent of a time share resale entity or as
agent of a person who violates this article, assists or aids, directly or indirectly, in a violation of
this article is responsible equally with the person for which the person acts.
(b) In the prosecution of a person as officer, director, or agent, it is sufficient to allege
and prove the unlawful intent of the person or entity for which the person acts.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 642, § 2, effective May 18. L. 2013:
Entire section amended, (SB 13-182), ch. 166, p. 541, § 2, effective August 7.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(s), as it existed prior to
1999.
6-1-703.5. Time share resale transfer agreements - deceptive trade practices. (1) A
time share resale entity engages in a deceptive trade practice when the entity fails to include in a
time share resale transfer agreement the following information:
(a) The name, telephone number, and physical address of the time share resale entity and
the name and address of any agent or third-party service provider who will perform any of the
time share resale services for that time share resale entity;
(b) A description of the applicable resale time share legally sufficient for recording or
other legal transfer;
(c) A description of the method or documentation by which the transfer of the resale
time share will be completed, including whether:
(I) The owner of the resale time share will retain any interest in the resale time share
following the transfer; and
(II) The owner of the resale time share must grant a power of attorney or otherwise
delegate any authority necessary to complete the transfer of the resale time share and the scope
of the authority delegated by the owner of the resale time share;
(d) If the owner of the resale time share will retain any interest in the resale time share, a
description of the interests retained by the owner of the resale time share;
(e) A listing of any fees, costs, or other consideration that the owner of the resale time
share must pay or reimburse for performance of the time share resale service;
(f) A statement that neither the time share resale entity nor any affiliate or agent of the
entity shall collect from the owner of the resale time share any fees, costs, or other consideration
until the time share resale entity:
(I) Provides the owner of the resale time share a copy of the recordable deed or other
equivalent written evidence clearly demonstrating that the resale time share has been transferred
to a subsequent transferee in accordance with the time share resale transfer agreement and
applicable law; and
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(II) Satisfies all other requirements of this section;
(g) The date by which all acts sufficient to transfer the resale time share in accordance
with the time share resale transfer agreement are estimated to be completed. The time share
resale entity shall use commercially reasonable good faith efforts to complete the transfer of the
subject time share within the estimated period. Commercially reasonable good faith efforts
include making a request to the association of time share owners pursuant to section 38-33.3-316
(8), C.R.S., for a written statement detailing unpaid assessments levied against the time share.
(h) A statement as to whether any person, including the owner of the resale time share,
may occupy, rent, exchange, or otherwise exercise any form of use of the resale time share
during the term of the time share resale transfer agreement;
(i) The name of any person, other than the owner of the resale time share, who will
receive any rents, profits, or other consideration or thing of value, if any, generated from the
transfer of the applicable resale time share or the use of the applicable resale time share during
the term of the time share resale transfer agreement;
(j) The following statement clearly and conspicuously and in substantially the following
form:
We [name of time share resale entity] will use commercially reasonable good faith efforts to
transfer ownership of your resale time share to another person within the period we estimate for
completing the transfer. Until the transfer of ownership is complete, you, the resale time share
owner, will continue to be responsible for the payment of all costs and fees associated with your
resale time share, including, as applicable, regular assessments, special assessments, and real and
personal property taxes.
(k) A statement that the time share resale entity will notify the following persons or
entities, in writing, when ownership of the resale time share is transferred, as applicable:
(I) The association of time share owners or other persons responsible for managing or
operating the plan or arrangement by which the rights or interests associated with the applicable
time share resale are utilized; and
(II) The exchange company operating any exchange program that the resale time share
was part of at the time the transfer was completed.
(2) In making the disclosures required under this section, the time share resale entity
may rely upon information provided in writing by the owner of the applicable resale time share
or the developer, association of time share owners, or other person responsible for managing or
operating the plan or arrangement by which the rights or interests associated with the applicable
resale time share are utilized.
(3) A time share resale entity shall not transfer or offer to assist in transferring a resale
time share, or receive consideration in connection with the transfer of a resale time share, if the
time share resale entity knows that the transferee does not have the ability or the intent to fulfill
the obligations of ownership of the resale time share, including the obligation to pay all
assessments and taxes incurred in connection with ownership of the resale time share. If a time
share resale entity transfers or offers to transfer, or receives compensation in connection with the
transfer of, a resale time share to a person who has a demonstrated pattern of nonpayment of
assessments or taxes or the demonstrated inability to meet payment obligations, the actions of
the time share resale entity are prima facie evidence of a violation of this subsection (3).
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(4) A time share resale entity shall supervise, manage, and control all aspects of the time
share resale transfer agreement and the offering of the resale time share by any affiliate, agent,
contractor, or employee of that time share resale entity. A violation of this section is a violation
by the time share resale entity and by the person actually committing the conduct that constitutes
the violation.
(5) If a time share resale entity engages in an act that is prohibited by this section, either
directly or as a means to avoid or circumvent the purpose of this section, a person injured by the
act may bring a private civil action pursuant to section 6-1-113.
Source: L. 2013: Entire section added, (SB 13-182), ch. 166, p. 543, § 3, effective
August 7.
6-1-704. Health clubs - deceptive trade practices. (1) A person engages in a deceptive
trade practice when, in the course of such person's business, vocation, or occupation, such person
engages in one or more of the following activities in connection with the advertisement or sale of
a membership in a health club:
(a) Fails to allow any buyer of a membership in a health club to rescind the membership
contract within three business days after receipt by the buyer of a copy of the contract;
(b) Fails to provide conspicuous notice of the right of a purchaser of a health club
membership to rescind the sale either by telegram, mail, or hand delivery. For purposes of this
section, notice of rescission is considered given, if by mail when postmarked, if by telegram
when filed for telegraphic transmission, or if by hand delivery when delivered to the seller's
place of business.
(c) Fails to allow the buyer, or the estate of the buyer, to cancel the membership contract
when:
(I) The buyer dies;
(II) The buyer becomes totally physically disabled as determined by a licensed physician
or advanced practice nurse for the duration of the membership contract;
(III) The health club is moved to a location that is more than five miles from the location
of the establishment when the buyer entered into the membership contract;
(IV) The membership in the health club is transferred to a location of the same club or
another club, which location is more than five miles from the location of the club when the buyer
entered into the contract, and this transfer occurs because of cessation of health club services at
the club location from which the membership is transferred;
(V) The seller permanently discontinues operation of the health club or sells the health
club and the sale results in substantial alteration of the quality of health club services or facilities
or the nature of benefits so that they no longer conform to the provisions of the membership
contract, but there shall be a thirty-day "right to cure" during which the fees payable by the buyer
under the membership contract shall be suspended and the health club may bring the services,
facilities, and benefits into conformance with the provisions of the membership contract;
(d) Fails to refund all payments made pursuant to the membership contract, less a
prorated fee for days of actual use of the health club by the buyer, within fifteen days after the
seller receives the buyer's written notice of rescission;
(e) When a health club is planned or under construction, and the sale of the membership
takes place before the health club is completed, fails to:
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 49 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(I) Disclose clearly and conspicuously in the membership contract the date on which the
health club will open for use;
(II) Escrow all preopening membership sales receipts in a separate account in a bank or
trust company doing business in the state of Colorado or provide a cash bond, letter of credit,
certificate of deposit, or other similar surety, in the amount of fifty thousand dollars, for the
repayment of amounts actually paid under preopening membership agreements until the health
club is open for business;
(III) Allow the buyer to cancel the membership contract and receive a full refund of all
payments made pursuant to the membership contract if the date the health club will open for use
is delayed more than sixty days from the date of opening specified in the membership contract;
(f) Sells any membership contract, the actual or financial duration of which, including
any option to renew, is longer than twenty-four months; except that a person does not engage in
a deceptive trade practice when such person sells any membership contract the actual or
financial duration of which is not longer than thirty-six months with a buyer's option to renew
annually thereafter if:
(I) The health club has been in operation in this state more than two years; and
(II) The health club maintains a bond with a corporate surety from a company authorized
to do business in this state or other security acceptable to and approved by the attorney general;
and
(III) The aggregate amount of the bond is one hundred thousand dollars for each club
location; and
(IV) The bond is payable to the state for the benefit of any buyer injured in the event the
health club goes out of business prior to the expiration of the buyer's membership contract; and
(V) The bond is maintained for so long as the health club has any membership contracts
in place and outstanding, the specified term for which exceeds twenty-four months; and
(VI) The bond is not cancelled, revoked, or terminated except after notice to, and with
the written consent of, the attorney general at least forty-five days in advance of such
cancellation, revocation, or termination; and
(VII) The annual renewal option for continued membership contained in the membership
contract is not automatic but requires that the buyer affirmatively accept the renewal option by
notice in writing to the person selling the membership contract for reasonable consideration on
or before the expiration of each contract term, but not more than six months prior to the
expiration of any contract term; and
(VIII) In the event that the health club elects to cancel, revoke, or terminate the bond, it
posts a notice of such action, in twenty-four-point bold-faced type, to its customers, on the front
door of such health club; or
(g) Makes any representation, orally or in writing, in connection with the offer or sale of
a membership in a health club that a membership contract is for a lifetime or is for a perpetual
membership, or uses coercive sales tactics, or misrepresents the quality, benefits, or nature of the
services.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 643, § 2, effective May 18. L. 2008:
(1)(c)(II) amended, p. 123, § 1, effective January 1, 2009.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 50 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(t), as it existed prior to
1999.
6-1-705. Dance studios - deceptive trade practices. (1) A person engages in a
deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's business, vocation, or occupation,
such person engages in one or more of the following activities or practices in connection with
the advertisement, sale, or performance of contracts for dance studio services in which the total
amount of the obligation that the purchaser undertakes is in excess of five hundred dollars:
(a) Fails to execute a written contract and to provide a copy of the contract to the
purchaser at the time the purchaser signs it;
(b) Fails to include, printed in ten-point, bold-faced type in the contract:
(I) The total amount of the obligation the purchaser undertakes;
(II) All goods and services that the purchaser is to receive under the contract set forth in
specific terms, including the total number or hours of dance instruction to be given by the dance
studio under the contract broken down by different hourly rates, if applicable, and all other
goods and services;
(III) The itemized cost of all goods and services to be provided under the contract,
including but not limited to the cost per hour of dance instruction and the different hourly rates
for different types of dance lessons, if any, and any charges to be paid by the purchaser for cost
of travel, accommodations, or other expenses of dance studio owners, operators, managers,
agents, or employees, the total cost of which shall equal the amount to be specified in the
contract pursuant to subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (b); and
(IV) The purchaser's right to cancel as specified in paragraphs (c) to (e) of this
subsection (1);
(c) Fails to include in the contract the following statement in bold-faced type under the
conspicuous caption:
PURCHASER'S RIGHT TO CANCEL:
YOU, THE PURCHASER, MAY CANCEL THIS CONTRACT AT ANY TIME
DURING THE TERM OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS. YOU MUST GIVE WRITTEN
NOTICE TO THE DANCE STUDIO THAT YOU DO NOT WANT TO BE FURTHER
BOUND BY THIS CONTRACT. THE NOTICE OF CANCELLATION MAY BE
SERVED IN PERSON, BY TELEGRAM, OR BY MAIL TO THE DANCE STUDIO AT
THE ADDRESS STATED IN THIS CONTRACT OR AT THE LOCATION WHERE
DANCE LESSONS ARE CONDUCTED. WITHIN THIRTY DAYS AFTER RECEIPT OF
YOUR NOTICE OF CANCELLATION, THE DANCE STUDIO SHALL REFUND TO
YOU THE CONTRACT PRICE LESS THE COST OF GOODS AND SERVICES
ALREADY RECEIVED BY YOU AND AN AMOUNT OF LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
EQUAL TO NOT MORE THAN TEN PERCENT OF THE COST OF THE REMAINING
GOODS AND SERVICES.
(d) Fails to allow the contract to be cancelled by the purchaser upon the purchaser's
serving written notice to the dance studio;
(e) Fails, upon cancellation of a contract for dance studio services, to refund to the
purchaser all prepayments made under the contract, minus the total of:
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 51 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(I) The amount equal to the cost of goods and services actually received by the purchaser
under the contract; and
(II) An amount of liquidated damages equal to not more than ten percent of the cost of
the remaining goods and services not received by the purchaser;
(f) Subtracts a total amount under subparagraphs (I) and (II) of paragraph (e) of this
subsection (1) that exceeds the total amount of the obligation as set out in subparagraph (I) of
paragraph (b) of this subsection (1);
(g) Fails to have a performance bond in the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars, as to
each studio, location, or owner, for the benefit of any person who enters into a contract for dance
studio services in which the total amount of the obligation that the purchaser undertakes is in
excess of five hundred dollars and who is damaged by the failure of the dance studio to provide
the services specified in the contract or by the failure of the dance studio to comply with this
section, which performance bond guarantees the dance studio's performance of its contractual
obligations with the purchaser in accordance with the provisions of this section, or fails to
disclose in the contract with such purchaser the existence of the performance bond;
(h) Sells or induces any person to purchase or to become obligated directly or
contingently, or both, under more than one contract for dance studio services at the same time
for the purpose of avoiding the provisions of this section; or
(i) Assigns or accepts an assignment of dance studio services without the written consent
of the purchaser.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 645, § 2, effective May 18.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(w), as it existed prior to
1999.
6-1-706. Buyers' clubs - deceptive trade practices. (1) A person engages in a
deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's business, vocation, or occupation,
such person engages in one or more of the following activities or practices in connection with
the advertisement, sale, or performance of any contract of membership in a buyers' club in which
the price of the membership equals or exceeds one hundred dollars:
(a) Fails to allow any purchaser of a membership in a buyers' club to rescind the
membership contract at any time prior to the close of business on the next business day
following the day the purchaser signs the contract;
(b) Fails to provide in the membership contract the following mandatory disclosure
under the heading:
PURCHASER'S RIGHT TO CANCEL:
THE PURCHASER MAY CANCEL THIS CONTRACT FOR ANY REASON AT ANY
TIME PRIOR TO THE CLOSE OF BUSINESS ON THE NEXT BUSINESS DAY
FOLLOWING THE DAY THE PURCHASER SIGNS THE MEMBERSHIP CONTRACT
BY DELIVERING OR MAILING TO THE BUYERS' CLUB WRITTEN NOTICE OF
CANCELLATION. NOTICE OF CANCELLATION, IF SENT BY MAIL, IS DEEMED
TO BE GIVEN AS OF THE DATE THE MAILED NOTICE WAS POSTMARKED.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 52 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Said heading and disclosure shall be in capital letters in no less than ten-point, bold-faced type.
(c) Fails to refund all payments made pursuant to the membership contract within fifteen
days after the buyers' club receives notice of cancellation from the purchaser.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 646, § 2, effective May 18.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(bb), as it existed prior to
1999.
6-1-707. Use of title or degree - deceptive trade practice. (1) A person engages in a
deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's business, vocation, or occupation,
such person:
(a) (I) Claims, either orally or in writing, to possess either an academic degree or an
honorary degree or the title associated with said degree, unless the person has, in fact, been
awarded said degree from an institution that is:
(A) Accredited by a regional or professional accrediting agency recognized by the
United States department of education or the council on postsecondary accreditation, or is
recognized as a candidate for accreditation by such an agency;
(B) Provided, operated, and supported by a state government or any of its political
subdivisions or by the federal government;
(C) A school, institute, college, or university chartered outside the United States, the
academic degree from which has been validated by an accrediting agency approved by the
United States department of education as equivalent to the baccalaureate or postbaccalaureate
degree conferred by a regionally accredited college or university in the United States;
(D) A religious seminary, institute, college, or university that offers only educational
programs that prepare students for a religious vocation, career, occupation, profession, or
lifework, and the nomenclature of whose certificates, diplomas, or degrees clearly identifies the
religious character of the educational program;
(E) Authorized to grant degrees pursuant to article 2 of title 23, C.R.S.
(II) This paragraph (a) shall not apply to persons claiming degrees or certificates that
were submitted as a requirement of the application process for licensure, certification, or
registration pursuant to title 12, C.R.S.
(III) No person awarded a doctorate degree from an institution not listed in paragraph (a)
of this subsection (1) shall claim in the state, either orally or in writing, the title "Dr." before the
person's name or any mark, appellation, or series of letters, numbers, or words, such as, but not
limited to, "Ph.D.","Ed.D.", "D.N.", or "D.Th.", which signify, purport, or are generally taken to
signify satisfactory completion of the requirements of a doctorate degree, after the person's
name.
(b) Claims either orally or in writing to be a "dietitian", "dietician", "certified dietitian",
or "certified dietician" or uses the abbreviation "C.D." or "D." to indicate that such person is a
dietitian, unless such person:
(I) Possesses a baccalaureate, masters, or doctorate degree in human nutrition, foods and
nutrition, dietetics, nutrition education, food systems management, or public health nutrition
from an institution that is:
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 53 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(A) Accredited by a regional or professional accrediting agency recognized by the
United States department of education or the council on postsecondary accreditation, or is
recognized as a candidate for accreditation by such accrediting agency;
(B) Authorized to grant degrees pursuant to article 2 of title 23, C.R.S.; or
(C) A school, institute, college, or university chartered outside the United States, the
academic degree from which has been validated by an accrediting agency approved by the
United States department of education as equivalent to a baccalaureate or postbaccalaureate
degree conferred by a regionally accredited college or university in the United States; and
(II) Meets one of the following:
(A) Completes at least nine hundred hours of a planned, continuous, preprofessional
work experience in a nutrition or dietetic practice under the supervision of a qualified dietitian;
or
(B) Holds a certificate of registered dietitian through the commission on dietetic
registration;
(c) Repealed.
(d) (I) Claims either orally or in writing to be a "certified optician" or "certified
opticien", unless such person holds a current certificate of competence issued by the American
board of opticianry. Each certificate shall be prominently displayed or maintained in such
person's place of business and made available for immediate inspection and review by any
consumer or agent of the state of Colorado. No person may associate a service, product, or
business name with the title "certified optician" unless such person holds the required certificate
of competence. This paragraph (d) shall not apply to persons authorized under article 36 or 40 of
title 12, C.R.S., to practice medicine or optometry.
(II) Performs or claims orally or in writing to be able to perform the following
procedures, and such person is a certified optician:
(A) Vision therapy;
(B) Refractions;
(C) Automated refractions; except that a certified optician may use an auto refractor to
provide vision screenings for the sole purpose of determining if the subject of the screening
needs a further eye examination;
(D) Refractometry;
(E) Fitting contact lenses;
(F) Keratometry or automated keratometry; or
(G) Any other act that constitutes the practice of optometry or the practice of medicine.
(III) A certified optician does not engage in a deceptive trade practice under
subparagraph (II) of this paragraph (d), if said optician performs the described procedures under
the direction and supervision of a person who has statutory authority under title 12, C.R.S., to
supervise the work of others within the scope of his or her license.
(e) Claims to be a "sign language interpreter", "interpreter for the deaf", "deaf
interpreter", "ASL-English interpreter", "American sign language (ASL) interpreter",
"transliterator", "certified sign language interpreter", "certified interpreter for the deaf",
"certified deaf interpreter", "certified ASL-English interpreter", "certified American sign
language (ASL) interpreter", or "certified transliterator", unless he or she holds a current
certification issued by the registry of interpreters for the deaf or a successor organization. A
registry of interpreters for the deaf, or successor organization, membership card that shows proof
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 54 of 210 Uncertified Printout
of current membership and certification shall be made available for immediate inspection and
review by any consumer or agent of the state of Colorado.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 647, § 2, effective May 18. L. 2002:
(1)(c) amended, p. 97, § 1, effective August 7. L. 2006: IP(1)(b) amended, p. 1488, § 3, effective
June 1. L. 2008: (1)(c) repealed, p. 829, § 2, effective July 1. L. 2009: (1)(e) added, (HB 09-
1090), ch. 29, p. 121, § 1, effective September 1; (1)(e) amended, (SB 09-144), ch. 219, p. 993, §
12, effective August 5.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(dd), (1)(ee.5), (1)(ee.7),
and (1)(ee.8), as it existed prior to 1999.
6-1-708. Vehicle sales and leases - deceptive trade practice - definition. (1) A person
engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of the person's business, vocation, or
occupation, such person:
(a) Commits any of the following acts pertaining to the sale or lease of a motor vehicle,
used motor vehicle, powersports vehicle, or used powersports vehicle:
(I) Guarantees to a purchaser or lessee of a motor vehicle, used motor vehicle,
powersports vehicle, or used powersports vehicle who conditions the purchase or lease on the
approval of a consumer credit transaction as defined in section 5-1-301 (12) that such purchaser
or lessee has been approved for a consumer credit transaction if the approval is not final. For
purposes of this subsection (1)(a)(I), "guarantee" means a written document or oral
representation between the purchaser or lessee and the person selling or leasing the vehicle that
leads such purchaser or lessee to a reasonable good faith belief that the financing of the vehicle
is certain.
(II) Accepts a used vehicle as a trade-in on the purchase or lease of a motor vehicle, used
motor vehicle, powersports vehicle, or used powersports vehicle and sells or leases the vehicle
that has been traded in before the purchaser or lessee has been approved for a consumer credit
transaction as defined in section 5-1-301 (12) if the approval is a condition of the purchase or
lease;
(III) Fails to return to the consumer any collateral or down payment tendered by the
consumer conditioned upon a guarantee by a motor vehicle dealer, used motor vehicle dealer,
powersports vehicle dealer, or used powersports vehicle dealer that a consumer credit transaction
as defined in section 5-1-301 (12) has been approved if the approval was a condition of the sale
or lease and if the financing is not approved and the consumer is required to return the vehicle;
(b) Fails to disclose in writing, prior to sale, to the purchaser that a motor vehicle is a
salvage vehicle, as defined in section 42-6-102 (17), or that a vehicle was repurchased by or
returned to the manufacturer from a previous owner for inability to conform the motor vehicle to
the manufacturer's warranty in accordance with article 10 of title 42 or with any other state or
federal motor vehicle warranty law, or knowingly fails to disclose in writing, prior to sale, to the
purchaser that a motor vehicle or powersports vehicle has sustained material damage at any one
time from any one incident.
(2) For purposes of this section, if a motor vehicle or used motor vehicle dealer
guarantees financing and if approval for financing is a condition of the sale or lease, such motor
vehicle or used motor vehicle dealer shall not retain any portion of such purchaser's down
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 55 of 210 Uncertified Printout
payment or any trade-in vehicle as payment of rent on any vehicle released by such dealer to
such purchaser pending approval of financing even if such dealer has obtained a waiver of such
purchaser's right to return a vehicle or has contracted for a rental agreement with such purchaser.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 650, § 2, effective May 18. L. 2000:
(1)(a) and (2) amended, p. 244, § 3, effective March 30; (1)(a) amended, p. 1871, § 104,
effective August 2. L. 2001: (1)(a) amended, p. 1265, § 2, effective June 5. L. 2007: (1)(b)
amended, p. 2018, § 5, effective June 1. L. 2017: (1) amended, (SB 17-240), ch. 395, p. 2064, §
45, effective July 1.
Editor's note: (1) Subsection (1)(a) is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(ff)(I), subsection
(1)(b) is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(ii), and subsection (2) is similar to former § 6-1-105
(1)(ff)(II), as they existed prior to 1999.
(2) Amendments to subsection (1)(a) by Senate Bill 00-080 and House Bill 00-1463
were harmonized.
6-1-709. Sales of manufactured homes - deceptive trade practices. A person engages
in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's business, vocation, or
occupation, such person engages in conduct that constitutes an unlawful manufactured home sale
practice as described in section 24-32-3326, C.R.S.
Source: L. 99: Entire part added with relocations, p. 651, § 2, effective May 18. L. 2003:
Entire section amended, p. 550, § 5, effective March 5.
Editor's note: (1) This section is similar to former § 6-1-105 (1)(qq), as it existed prior
to 1999.
(2) Section 6-1-105 (1)(qq) as amended by House Bill 99-1270 was harmonized with
Senate Bill 99-143 and relocated to this section.
6-1-710. Installation or reinstallation of false air bag - deceptive trade practices -
criminal liability. (1) A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when such person installs
or reinstalls, as part of a vehicle inflatable restraint system, any object in lieu of an air bag that
was designed in accordance with federal safety regulations for the make, model, and year of the
vehicle.
(2) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor
and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than two thousand five
hundred dollars and not more than five thousand dollars per violation, or imprisonment in the
county jail for up to one year, or both.
Source: L. 2002: Entire section added, p. 197, § 3, effective July 1.
6-1-711. Restrictions on credit card receipts - legislative declaration - application -
definitions. (1) The general assembly hereby finds, determines, and declares that credit,
particularly the use of credit cards, is an important tool for consumers in today's economy.
Unscrupulous persons often fraudulently use the credit card accounts of others by stealing the
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 56 of 210 Uncertified Printout
credit card itself or obtaining the necessary information to fraudulently charge the purchase of
goods and services to another person's credit card account. The general assembly, therefore,
finds, determines, and declares that protection from unauthorized use of credit card accounts is
necessary.
(2) No person that accepts credit cards for the transaction of business shall print more
than the last five digits of the credit card account number or print the credit card expiration date,
or both, on a credit card receipt.
(3) This section shall apply only to receipts that are electronically printed and shall not
apply to transactions in which the sole means of recording the credit card number is by
handwriting or by an imprint or copy of the credit card.
(4) For the purposes of this section, "credit card" means a card or device existing for the
purpose of obtaining money, property, labor, or services on credit; those cards pursuant to which
unpaid balances are payable upon demand; and any card or device used to withdraw moneys
from a bank account.
(5) (a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this subsection (5), this section shall apply
to any entity formed on and after April 25, 2002, that uses a cash register or any other machine
or device that electronically imprints receipts on credit card transactions and is placed into
service on or after April 25, 2002.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this subsection (5), on and after January 1,
2004, this section shall apply to any cash register and any other machine or device that
electronically imprints receipts on credit card transactions for entities that were formed on or
before April 25, 2002.
(c) On and after January 1, 2005, this section shall apply to:
(I) Institutions of higher education; and
(II) Persons who employ no more than twenty-five employees or who have generated no
more than five million dollars annually in revenues from the person's business activities.
Source: L. 2002: Entire section added, p. 379, § 1, effective April 25. L. 2006: (2)
amended, p. 1324, § 10, effective July 1.
6-1-712. Discount health plan and cards - deceptive trade practices - definitions. (1)
A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's business,
vocation, or occupation, such person:
(a) Solicits, markets, advertises, promotes, or sells to a consumer residing in Colorado a
discount health plan and such plan materials:
(I) Fail to provide to the consumer a clear and conspicuous disclosure that the discount
health plan is not insurance and that the plan only provides for discount health care services from
participating providers within the plan;
(II) Fail to provide the name, address, and telephone number of the administrator of the
discount health plan;
(III) Fail to make available to the consumer through a toll-free telephone number, upon
request of the consumer, a complete and accurate list of the participating providers within the
plan in the consumer's local area and a list of the services for which the discounts are applicable.
Such list shall be available to the consumer upon request commencing with the time of purchase
and shall be updated at least every six months.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 57 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(IV) Fail to use common usage for words and phrases in describing the discounts or
access to discounts offered, and such failure results in representations of the discounts that are
misleading, deceptive, or fraudulent;
(V) Fail to provide to the consumer notice of the right to cancel such discount health
plan pursuant to paragraph (c) of this subsection (1);
(b) Offers discounted health services or products that are not authorized by a contract
with each provider listed in conjunction with the discount health plan;
(c) Fails to allow a purchaser of a discount health plan to cancel such plan within thirty
days after purchase;
(d) Fails to refund all membership fees paid to the discount health plan by the consumer
within thirty days after timely notification of the cancellation of the plan to the discount health
plan administrator pursuant to paragraph (c) of this subsection (1).
(2) The provisions of this section shall not apply to:
(a) A carrier as defined in section 10-16-102 (8), C.R.S., that offers discounts for
services to a covered person, as defined in section 10-16-102 (15), C.R.S., and such services are
supplemental to and not part of the health coverage plan of the carrier;
(b) A medicare endorsed drug card as approved by the centers for medicare and
medicaid services pursuant to the "Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and
Modernization Act of 2003", Public Law 108-173.
(3) For the purposes of this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Health care services" has the same meaning as in section 10-16-102 (33), C.R.S.
(b) "Provider" has the same meaning as in section 10-16-102 (56), C.R.S.
Source: L. 2004: Entire section added, p. 968, § 8, effective May 21. L. 2013: (2)(a),
(3)(a), and (3)(b) amended, (HB 13-1266), ch. 217, p. 984, § 38, effective May 13.
6-1-713. Disposal of personal identifying information - policy - definitions. (1) Each
covered entity in the state that maintains paper or electronic documents during the course of
business that contain personal identifying information shall develop a written policy for the
destruction or proper disposal of those paper and electronic documents containing personal
identifying information. Unless otherwise required by state or federal law or regulation, the
written policy must require that, when such paper or electronic documents are no longer needed,
the covered entity shall destroy or arrange for the destruction of such paper and electronic
documents within its custody or control that contain personal identifying information by
shredding, erasing, or otherwise modifying the personal identifying information in the paper or
electronic documents to make the personal identifying information unreadable or indecipherable
through any means.
(2) For the purposes of this section and section 6-1-713.5:
(a) "Covered entity" means a person, as defined in section 6-1-102 (6), that maintains,
owns, or licenses personal identifying information in the course of the person's business,
vocation, or occupation. "Covered entity" does not include a person acting as a third-party
service provider as defined in section 6-1-713.5.
(b) "Personal identifying information" means a social security number; a personal
identification number; a password; a pass code; an official state or government-issued driver's
license or identification card number; a government passport number; biometric data, as defined
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 58 of 210 Uncertified Printout
in section 6-1-716 (1)(a); an employer, student, or military identification number; or a financial
transaction device, as defined in section 18-5-701 (3).
(3) A covered entity that is regulated by state or federal law and that maintains
procedures for disposal of personal identifying information pursuant to the laws, rules,
regulations, guidances, or guidelines established by its state or federal regulator is in compliance
with this section.
(4) Unless an entity specifically contracts with a recycler or disposal firm for destruction
of documents that contain personal identifying information, nothing herein shall require a
recycler or disposal firm to verify that the documents contained in the products it receives for
disposal or recycling have been properly destroyed or disposed of as required by this section.
Source: L. 2004: Entire section added, p. 1959, § 2, effective August 4. L. 2018: (1), (2),
and (3) amended, (HB 18-1128), ch. 266, p. 1632, § 1, effective September 1.
Editor's note: This section was originally numbered as § 6-1-712 in House Bill 04-1311,
but has been renumbered on revision for ease of location.
6-1-713.5. Protection of personal identifying information - definition. (1) To protect
personal identifying information, as defined in section 6-1-713 (2), from unauthorized access,
use, modification, disclosure, or destruction, a covered entity that maintains, owns, or licenses
personal identifying information of an individual residing in the state shall implement and
maintain reasonable security procedures and practices that are appropriate to the nature of the
personal identifying information and the nature and size of the business and its operations.
(2) Unless a covered entity agrees to provide its own security protection for the
information it discloses to a third-party service provider, the covered entity shall require that the
third-party service provider implement and maintain reasonable security procedures and
practices that are:
(a) Appropriate to the nature of the personal identifying information disclosed to the
third-party service provider; and
(b) Reasonably designed to help protect the personal identifying information from
unauthorized access, use, modification, disclosure, or destruction.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) of this section, a disclosure of personal identifying
information does not include disclosure of information to a third party under circumstances
where the covered entity retains primary responsibility for implementing and maintaining
reasonable security procedures and practices appropriate to the nature of the personal identifying
information and the covered entity implements and maintains technical controls that are
reasonably designed to:
(a) Help protect the personal identifying information from unauthorized access, use,
modification, disclosure, or destruction; or
(b) Effectively eliminate the third party's ability to access the personal identifying
information, notwithstanding the third party's physical possession of the personal identifying
information.
(4) A covered entity that is regulated by state or federal law and that maintains
procedures for protection of personal identifying information pursuant to the laws, rules,
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regulations, guidances, or guidelines established by its state or federal regulator is in compliance
with this section.
(5) For the purposes of this section, "third-party service provider" means an entity that
has been contracted to maintain, store, or process personal identifying information on behalf of a
covered entity.
Source: L. 2018: Entire section added, (HB 18-1128), ch. 266, p. 1633, § 2, effective
September 1.
6-1-714. Unfair drug pricing practice - deceptive trade practice - definitions. (1) As
used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Emergency" means a declaration made by the department of public health and
environment pursuant to section 25-1.5-101 (1)(aa), C.R.S., after the department has determined
that there is a shortage of drugs critical to public safety.
(b) "Unfair drug pricing" means charging a consumer an unconscionable amount for the
sale of a drug. Unfair drug pricing occurs if:
(I) The price charged by a wholesaler, distributor, or retailer exceeds by more than ten
percent the average price for the drug charged by that wholesaler, distributor, or retailer during
the thirty days immediately preceding the declaration of an emergency; and
(II) The increase in the amount charged by a wholesaler, distributor, or retailer is not
attributable to cost factors of the retailer, including, but not limited to, replacement costs, taxes,
and transportation costs incurred by that wholesaler, distributor, or retailer.
(2) A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's
business, vocation, or occupation, the person engages in the practice of unfair drug pricing.
Source: L. 2005: Entire section added, p. 372, § 2, effective April 22.
6-1-715. Confidentiality of social security numbers. (1) Except as provided in
subsections (2) to (4) of this section, a person or entity may not do any of the following:
(a) Publicly post or publicly display in any manner an individual's social security
number. "Publicly post" or "publicly display" means to intentionally communicate or otherwise
make available to the general public.
(b) Print an individual's social security number on any card required for the individual to
access products or services provided by the person or entity;
(c) Require an individual to transmit his or her social security number over the internet,
unless the connection is secure or the social security number is encrypted;
(d) Require an individual to use his or her social security number to access an internet
website, unless a password or unique personal identification number or other authentication
device is also required to access the internet website; and
(e) Print an individual's social security number on any materials that are mailed to the
individual, unless state or federal law requires, permits, or authorizes the social security number
to be on the document to be mailed. Notwithstanding this paragraph (e), social security numbers
may be included in applications and forms sent by mail, including documents sent as part of an
application or enrollment process, or to establish, amend, or terminate an account, contract, or
policy, or to confirm the accuracy of the social security number. A social security number that is
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 60 of 210 Uncertified Printout
permitted to be mailed under this section may not be printed, in whole or in part, on a postcard or
other mailer not requiring an envelope, or visible on the envelope or without the envelope having
been opened.
(2) (a) A person or entity that has used, prior to January 1, 2007, an individual's social
security number in a manner inconsistent with subsection (1) of this section, may continue using
that individual's social security number in that manner on or after January 1, 2007, if all of the
following conditions are met:
(I) The use of the social security number is continuous. If the use is stopped for any
reason, subsection (1) of this section shall apply.
(II) The person or entity provides the individual with an annual disclosure that informs
the individual that he or she has the right to stop the use of his or her social security number in a
manner prohibited by subsection (1) of this section.
(b) The person or entity shall implement a written request by an individual to stop the
use of his or her social security number in a manner prohibited by subsection (1) of this section
within thirty days after the receipt of the request. The person or entity may not impose a fee or
charge for implementing the request.
(c) The person or entity shall not deny services to an individual because the individual
makes a written request pursuant to paragraph (b) of this subsection (2).
(3) This section shall not prevent the collection, use, or release of a social security
number as required, permitted, or authorized by state or federal law or the use of a social security
number for internal verification or administrative purposes, including by the department of
revenue.
(4) This section shall not apply to:
(a) Documents or records that are recorded or required to be open to the public pursuant
to the constitution or laws of this state or by court rule or order, and this section shall not limit
access to these documents or records; or
(b) An entity that is subject to the federal "Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act of 1996", as amended, 42 U.S.C. sec. 1320d to 1320d-9.
Source: L. 2006: Entire section added, p. 274, § 1, effective January 1, 2007. L. 2010:
(4)(b) amended, (HB 10-1422), ch. 419, p. 2063, § 8, effective August 11.
6-1-716. Notification of security breach. (1) Definitions. As used in this section,
unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Biometric data" means unique biometric data generated from measurements or
analysis of human body characteristics for the purpose of authenticating the individual when he
or she accesses an online account.
(b) "Covered entity" means a person, as defined in section 6-1-102 (6), that maintains,
owns, or licenses personal information in the course of the person's business, vocation, or
occupation. "Covered entity" does not include a person acting as a third-party service provider as
defined in subsection (1)(i) of this section.
(c) "Determination that a security breach occurred" means the point in time at which
there is sufficient evidence to conclude that a security breach has taken place.
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(d) "Encrypted" means rendered unusable, unreadable, or indecipherable to an
unauthorized person through a security technology or methodology generally accepted in the
field of information security.
(e) "Medical information" means any information about a consumer's medical or mental
health treatment or diagnosis by a health care professional.
(f) "Notice" means:
(I) Written notice to the postal address listed in the records of the covered entity;
(II) Telephonic notice;
(III) Electronic notice, if a primary means of communication by the covered entity with
a Colorado resident is by electronic means or the notice provided is consistent with the
provisions regarding electronic records and signatures set forth in the federal "Electronic
Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act", 15 U.S.C. sec. 7001 et seq.; or
(IV) Substitute notice, if the covered entity required to provide notice demonstrates that
the cost of providing notice will exceed two hundred fifty thousand dollars, the affected class of
persons to be notified exceeds two hundred fifty thousand Colorado residents, or the covered
entity does not have sufficient contact information to provide notice. Substitute notice consists of
all of the following:
(A) E-mail notice if the covered entity has e-mail addresses for the members of the
affected class of Colorado residents;
(B) Conspicuous posting of the notice on the website page of the covered entity if the
covered entity maintains one; and
(C) Notification to major statewide media.
(g) (I) (A) "Personal information" means a Colorado resident's first name or first initial
and last name in combination with any one or more of the following data elements that relate to
the resident, when the data elements are not encrypted, redacted, or secured by any other method
rendering the name or the element unreadable or unusable: Social security number; student,
military, or passport identification number; driver's license number or identification card
number; medical information; health insurance identification number; or biometric data;
(B) A Colorado resident's username or e-mail address, in combination with a password
or security questions and answers, that would permit access to an online account; or
(C) A Colorado resident's account number or credit or debit card number in combination
with any required security code, access code, or password that would permit access to that
account.
(II) "Personal information" does not include publicly available information that is
lawfully made available to the general public from federal, state, or local government records or
widely distributed media.
(h) "Security breach" means the unauthorized acquisition of unencrypted computerized
data that compromises the security, confidentiality, or integrity of personal information
maintained by a covered entity. Good faith acquisition of personal information by an employee
or agent of a covered entity for the covered entity's business purposes is not a security breach if
the personal information is not used for a purpose unrelated to the lawful operation of the
business or is not subject to further unauthorized disclosure.
(i) "Third-party service provider" means an entity that has been contracted to maintain,
store, or process personal information on behalf of a covered entity.
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(2) Disclosure of breach. (a) A covered entity that maintains, owns, or licenses
computerized data that includes personal information about a resident of Colorado shall, when it
becomes aware that a security breach may have occurred, conduct in good faith a prompt
investigation to determine the likelihood that personal information has been or will be misused.
The covered entity shall give notice to the affected Colorado residents unless the investigation
determines that the misuse of information about a Colorado resident has not occurred and is not
reasonably likely to occur. Notice must be made in the most expedient time possible and without
unreasonable delay, but not later than thirty days after the date of determination that a security
breach occurred, consistent with the legitimate needs of law enforcement and consistent with any
measures necessary to determine the scope of the breach and to restore the reasonable integrity
of the computerized data system.
(a.2) In the case of a breach of personal information, notice required by this subsection
(2) to affected Colorado residents must include, but need not be limited to, the following
information:
(I) The date, estimated date, or estimated date range of the security breach;
(II) A description of the personal information that was acquired or reasonably believed
to have been acquired as part of the security breach;
(III) Information that the resident can use to contact the covered entity to inquire about
the security breach;
(IV) The toll-free numbers, addresses, and websites for consumer reporting agencies;
(V) The toll-free number, address, and website for the federal trade commission; and
(VI) A statement that the resident can obtain information from the federal trade
commission and the credit reporting agencies about fraud alerts and security freezes.
(a.3) If an investigation by the covered entity pursuant to subsection (2)(a) of this section
determines that the type of personal information described in subsection (1)(g)(I)(B) of this
section has been misused or is reasonably likely to be misused, then the covered entity shall, in
addition to the notice otherwise required by subsection (2)(a.2) of this section and in the most
expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay, but not later than thirty days after the
date of determination that a security breach occurred, consistent with the legitimate needs of law
enforcement and consistent with any measures necessary to determine the scope of the breach
and to restore the reasonable integrity of the computerized data system:
(I) Direct the person whose personal information has been breached to promptly change
his or her password and security question or answer, as applicable, or to take other steps
appropriate to protect the online account with the covered entity and all other online accounts for
which the person whose personal information has been breached uses the same username or email address and password or security question or answer.
(II) For log-in credentials of an e-mail account furnished by the covered entity, the
covered entity shall not comply with this section by providing the security breach notification to
that e-mail address, but may instead comply with this section by providing notice through other
methods, as defined in subsection (1)(f) of this section, or by clear and conspicuous notice
delivered to the resident online when the resident is connected to the online account from an
internet protocol address or online location from which the covered entity knows the resident
customarily accesses the account.
(a.4) The breach of encrypted or otherwise secured personal information must be
disclosed in accordance with this section if the confidential process, encryption key, or other
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 63 of 210 Uncertified Printout
means to decipher the secured information was also acquired in the security breach or was
reasonably believed to have been acquired.
(a.5) A covered entity that is required to provide notice to affected Colorado residents
pursuant to this subsection (2) is prohibited from charging the cost of providing such notice to
such residents.
(a.6) Nothing in this subsection (2) prohibits the notice described in this subsection (2)
from containing additional information, including any information that may be required by state
or federal law.
(b) If a covered entity uses a third-party service provider to maintain computerized data
that includes personal information, then the third-party service provider shall give notice to and
cooperate with the covered entity in the event of a security breach that compromises such
computerized data, including notifying the covered entity of any security breach in the most
expedient time possible, and without unreasonable delay following discovery of a security
breach, if misuse of personal information about a Colorado resident occurred or is likely to
occur. Cooperation includes sharing with the covered entity information relevant to the security
breach; except that such cooperation does not require the disclosure of confidential business
information or trade secrets.
(c) Notice required by this section may be delayed if a law enforcement agency
determines that the notice will impede a criminal investigation and the law enforcement agency
has notified the covered entity that conducts business in Colorado not to send notice required by
this section. Notice required by this section must be made in good faith, in the most expedient
time possible and without unreasonable delay, but not later than thirty days after the law
enforcement agency determines that notification will no longer impede the investigation and has
notified the covered entity that conducts business in Colorado that it is appropriate to send the
notice required by this section.
(d) If a covered entity is required to notify more than one thousand Colorado residents of
a security breach pursuant to this section, the covered entity shall also notify, in the most
expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay, all consumer reporting agencies that
compile and maintain files on consumers on a nationwide basis, as defined by the federal "Fair
Credit Reporting Act", 15 U.S.C. sec. 1681a (p), of the anticipated date of the notification to the
residents and the approximate number of residents who are to be notified. Nothing in this
subsection (2)(d) requires the covered entity to provide to the consumer reporting agency the
names or other personal information of security breach notice recipients. This subsection (2)(d)
does not apply to a covered entity who is subject to Title V of the federal "Gramm-Leach-Bliley
Act", 15 U.S.C. sec. 6801 et seq.
(e) A waiver of these notification rights or responsibilities is void as against public
policy.
(f) (I) The covered entity that must notify Colorado residents of a data breach pursuant
to this section shall provide notice of any security breach to the Colorado attorney general in the
most expedient time possible and without unreasonable delay, but not later than thirty days after
the date of determination that a security breach occurred, if the security breach is reasonably
believed to have affected five hundred Colorado residents or more, unless the investigation
determines that the misuse of information about a Colorado resident has not occurred and is not
likely to occur.
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(II) The Colorado attorney general shall designate a person or persons as a point of
contact for functions set forth in this subsection (2)(f) and shall make the contact information for
that person or those persons public on the attorney general's website and by any other
appropriate means.
(g) The breach of encrypted or otherwise secured personal information must be disclosed
in accordance with this section if the confidential process, encryption key, or other means to
decipher the secured information was also acquired or was reasonably believed to have been
acquired in the security breach.
(3) Procedures deemed in compliance with notice requirements. (a) Pursuant to this
section, a covered entity that maintains its own notification procedures as part of an information
security policy for the treatment of personal information and whose procedures are otherwise
consistent with the timing requirements of this section is in compliance with the notice
requirements of this section if the covered entity notifies affected Colorado residents in
accordance with its policies in the event of a security breach; except that notice to the attorney
general is still required pursuant to subsection (2)(f) of this section.
(b) A covered entity that is regulated by state or federal law and that maintains
procedures for a security breach pursuant to the laws, rules, regulations, guidances, or guidelines
established by its state or federal regulator is in compliance with this section; except that notice
to the attorney general is still required pursuant to subsection (2)(f) of this section. In the case of
a conflict between the time period for notice to individuals that is required pursuant to this
subsection (3) and the applicable state or federal law or regulation, the law or regulation with the
shortest time frame for notice to the individual controls.
(4) Violations. The attorney general may bring an action in law or equity to address
violations of this section, section 6-1-713, or section 6-1-713.5, and for other relief that may be
appropriate to ensure compliance with this section or to recover direct economic damages
resulting from a violation, or both. The provisions of this section are not exclusive and do not
relieve a covered entity subject to this section from compliance with all other applicable
provisions of law.
(5) Attorney general criminal authority. Upon receipt of notice pursuant to subsection
(2) of this section, and with either a request from the governor to prosecute a particular case or
with the approval of the district attorney with jurisdiction to prosecute cases in the judicial
district where a case could be brought, the attorney general has the authority to prosecute any
criminal violations of section 18-5.5-102.
Source: L. 2006: Entire section added, p. 536, § 1, effective September 1. L. 2010:
(2)(d) amended, (HB 10-1422), ch. 419, p. 2064, § 9, effective August 11. L. 2018: (1) R&RE,
(2), (3), and (4) amended, and (5) added, (HB 18-1128), ch. 266, p. 1634, § 3, effective
September 1.
6-1-717. Influencing a real estate appraisal - deceptive trade practice. (1) A person
engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of such person's business, vocation, or
occupation, the person:
(a) Knowingly submits a false or misleading appraisal in connection with a dwelling
offered as security for repayment of a mortgage loan; or
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 65 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(b) Directly or indirectly compensates, coerces, or intimidates an appraiser, or attempts,
directly or indirectly, to compensate, coerce, or intimidate an appraiser, for the purpose of
influencing the independent judgment of the appraiser with respect to the value of a dwelling
offered as security for repayment of a mortgage loan.
(2) The prohibition referred to in subsection (1) of this section shall not be construed as
prohibiting a person from requesting an appraiser to:
(a) Consider additional, appropriate property information;
(b) Provide further detail, substantiation, or explanation for the appraiser's value
conclusion; or
(c) Correct errors in the appraisal report.
Source: L. 2007: Entire section added, p. 1727, § 4, effective June 1.
6-1-718. Ticket sales and resales - prohibitions - unlawful conditions - definitions.
(1) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Operator" means a person or entity who owns, operates, or controls a place of
entertainment or who promotes or produces entertainment and that sells a ticket to an event for
original sale, including an employee of such person or entity.
(b) "Original sale" means the first sale of a ticket by an operator.
(c) "Place of entertainment" means a public or private entertainment facility, such as a
stadium, arena, racetrack, museum, amusement park, or other place where performances,
concerts, exhibits, athletic games, or contests are held, for which an entry fee is charged, to
which the public is invited to observe, and for which tickets are sold. "Place of entertainment"
does not include a ski area.
(d) "Purchaser" means a person or entity who purchases a ticket to a place of
entertainment.
(e) "Resale" or "resold" means a sale other than the original sale of a ticket by a person
or entity.
(f) "Reseller" means a person or entity that offers or sells tickets for resale after the
original sale by the operator including an entity that operates a platform or exchange for the
purchase and sale of tickets to events that also engages in the purchase and resale of the ticket
either on behalf of the operator or on its own behalf if a reseller.
(g) "Ticket" means a license issued by the operator of a place of entertainment for
admission to an event at the date and time specified on the ticket, subject to the terms and
conditions as specified by the operator.
(2) Resellers shall guarantee a full refund to a purchaser if:
(a) The event for which the ticket was resold is canceled;
(b) The ticket does not or would not in fact grant the purchaser admission to the event
for which the ticket was resold;
(c) The ticket is counterfeit; or
(d) The ticket fails to conform to its description as advertised or as represented to the
purchaser by the reseller.
(3) (a) It is void as against public policy to apply a term or condition to the original sale
to the purchaser to limit the terms or conditions of resale, including, but not limited to, a term or
condition:
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 66 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(I) That restricts resale in a subscription or season ticket package agreement as a
condition of purchase;
(II) That a purchaser must comply with to retain a ticket for the duration of a
subscription or season ticket package agreement that limits the rights of the purchaser to resell
the ticket;
(III) That a purchaser must comply with to retain any contractually agreed-upon rights to
purchase future subscriptions or season ticket package agreements; or
(IV) That imposes a sanction on the purchaser if the sale of the ticket is not through a
reseller approved by the operator.
(b) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to prohibit an operator from prohibiting the
resale of a contractual right in a season ticket package agreement that gives the original
purchaser a priority or other preference to enter into a subsequent season ticket package
agreement with the operator.
(4) A person or entity, including an operator, that regulates admission to an event shall
not deny access to the event to a person in possession of a valid ticket to the event, regardless of
whether the ticket is subject to a subscription or season ticket package agreement, based solely
on the ground that such ticket was resold through a reseller that was not approved by the
operator.
(5) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit an operator from maintaining
and enforcing policies regarding conduct or behavior at or in connection with the operator's
venue. An operator may revoke or restrict season tickets for reasons relating to a violation of
venue policies and to the extent the operator may deem necessary for the protection of the safety
of patrons or to address fraud or misconduct.
Source: L. 2008: Entire section added, p. 108, § 1, effective March 19.
6-1-719. Truth in music advertising. (1) Definitions. As used in this section, unless
the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Performing group" means a vocal or instrumental group seeking to use the name of
a recording group.
(b) "Recording group" means a vocal or instrumental group, at least one of whose
members has previously released a commercial sound recording under that group's name and in
which at least one of the members has a legal right by virtue of use or operation under the group
name without having abandoned the name or affiliation with the group.
(c) "Sound recording" means a work that results from the fixation, on or in a recording
medium or other material object, of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds regardless of the
nature of the medium or object, such as a disk, tape, or other phono record, in which the sounds
are recorded.
(2) Production. (a) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection
(2), it is unlawful for any person to advertise or conduct a live musical performance or
production in this state through the use of a false, deceptive, or misleading affiliation,
connection, or association between a performing group and a recording group.
(b) Paragraph (a) of this subsection (2) does not apply if:
(I) The performing group is the authorized registrant and owner of a federal service mark
for that group registered in the United States patent and trademark office;
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(II) At least one member of the performing group was a member of the recording group
and has a legal right by virtue of use or operation under the group name without having
abandoned the name or affiliation with the group;
(III) The live musical performance or production is identified in all advertising and
promotion as a salute or tribute;
(IV) The advertising does not relate to a live musical performance or production taking
place in this state; or
(V) The performance or production is expressly authorized by the recording group.
(3) Restraining prohibited acts. In addition to the actions and remedies specified in
part 1 of this article that may apply:
(a) Injunction. Whenever the attorney general or a district attorney has reason to believe
that a person is advertising, conducting, or about to advertise or conduct a live musical
performance or production in violation of this section and that proceedings would be in the
public interest, the attorney general or district attorney may bring an action in the name of the
state against the person to restrain that practice by temporary or permanent injunction.
(b) Payment of costs and restitution. Whenever a court issues a permanent injunction
to restrain and prevent violations of this section as authorized in paragraph (a) of this subsection
(3), the court may, in its discretion, direct that the defendant restore to any person in interest any
moneys or property, real or personal, that may have been acquired by means of a violation of this
section, under terms and conditions to be established by the court.
(c) Penalty. A person who violates this section is liable to the state for a civil penalty of
not less than five thousand dollars nor more than fifteen thousand dollars per violation, which
civil penalty shall be in addition to any other relief that may be granted under this subsection (3)
but which shall not be cumulative with the penalty specified in section 6-1-112. Each
performance or production that violates this section constitutes a separate violation.
Source: L. 2008: Entire section added, p. 364, § 1, effective August 5.
6-1-720. Online event ticket sales - deceptive trade practice - definitions. (1) A
person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of the person's business,
vocation, or occupation, such person:
(a) Uses or causes to be used a software application that runs automated tasks over the
internet to access a computer, computer network, or computer system, or any part thereof, for the
purpose of purchasing tickets in excess of authorized limits for an online event ticket sale with
the intent to resell such tickets; or
(b) Uses or causes to be used a software application that runs automated tasks over the
internet that circumvents or disables any electronic queues, waiting periods, or other sales
volume limitation systems associated with an online event ticket sale.
(2) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "In excess of authorized limits", with regard to an online purchase of tickets, means
exceeding a restriction on the number of individual tickets that can be purchased by any single
person or circumventing any other terms and conditions of access to an online event ticket sale
established by the event sponsor or promoter.
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(b) "Online event ticket sale" means an electronic system utilized by the sponsor or
promoter of a sporting or entertainment event to sell tickets to such event to the public over the
internet.
(3) This section shall not prohibit the resale of tickets in a secondary market by a person
other than the event sponsor or promoter.
(4) Every ticket acquired in violation of this section shall constitute a separate violation
for purposes of assessing a civil penalty under section 6-1-112 (1)(a) and (1)(b).
Source: L. 2008: Entire section added, p. 2229, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2009: (4)
amended, (SB 09-054), ch.138, p. 597, § 3, effective August 5.
6-1-721. Like-kind exchanges by exchange facilitators - deceptive trade practice -
definitions. (1) Legislative declaration. The general assembly hereby:
(a) Finds that, absent enactment of this section, Colorado has no requirements for the
protection of taxpayers who engage persons or entities that facilitate like-kind exchanges
pursuant to 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031; and
(b) Determines that, to protect taxpayers who engage exchange facilitators, exchange
facilitators should meet certain requirements and follow certain procedures.
(2) Definitions. As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Affiliated with" means that a person directly, or indirectly through one or more
intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the other specified
person.
(b) "Colorado property" means real property located in Colorado; except that
replacement property need not be located in Colorado.
(c) (I) "Exchange facilitator" means a person that holds a taxpayer's exchange funds and
that:
(A) For a fee, facilitates an exchange of like-kind Colorado property by entering into an
agreement with a taxpayer by which the exchange facilitator acquires from the taxpayer the
contractual rights to sell the taxpayer's relinquished Colorado property and transfer a
replacement property to the taxpayer as an exchange facilitator, as is defined in 26 CFR 1.1031
(k)-1 (g)(4), or enters into an agreement with a taxpayer to take title to Colorado property as an
exchange accommodation titleholder, as that term is defined in federal internal revenue service
revenue procedure 2000-37, or enters into an agreement with a taxpayer to act as a qualified
trustee or qualified escrow holder, as those terms are defined in 26 CFR 1.1031 (k)-1 (g)(3),
except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (II) of this paragraph (c); or
(B) Maintains an office in this state for the purpose of soliciting business as an exchange
facilitator regarding Colorado property.
(II) "Exchange facilitator" does not include:
(A) The taxpayer or disqualified person, as defined under 26 CFR 1.1031 (k)-1 (k),
seeking to qualify for the nonrecognition provisions of 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031;
(B) A bank, savings bank, savings and loan association, building and loan association, or
credit union; a bank or savings association holding company organized under the laws of any
state, the District of Columbia, a territory or protectorate of the United States, or the United
States, subject to regulation and supervision by a federal banking agency; an operating
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 69 of 210 Uncertified Printout
subsidiary of such entities; or an employee or exclusive agent of any of such entities, including,
without limitation, a subsidiary that is owned or controlled by such entities;
(C) A person who advertises for and teaches seminars or classes for, or gives
presentations to, attorneys, accountants, real estate professionals, tax professionals, or other
professionals, where the primary purpose is to teach the professionals about tax-deferred
exchanges or train them to act as exchange facilitators;
(D) An exchange facilitator, as defined in 26 CFR 1.1031 (k)-1 (g)(4), whose sole
business in this state as an exchange facilitator consists of holding exchange funds from the
disposition of relinquished property located outside this state; or
(E) An entity that is wholly owned by an exchange facilitator or is wholly owned by the
owner of an exchange facilitator and is used by that exchange facilitator to facilitate exchanges
or to take title to Colorado property as an exchange accommodation titleholder, as defined in
federal internal revenue service revenue procedure 2000-37.
(III) For purposes of this paragraph (c), "fee" means compensation of any nature, direct
or indirect, monetary or in-kind, that is received by a person or a related person as defined in 26
U.S.C. sec. 1031 (f)(3) for any services relating to or incidental to the exchange of like-kind
property under 26 U.S.C. sec. 1031.
(d) "Like-kind exchange" means a section 1031 exchange that is subject to 26 U.S.C.
sec. 1031.
(e) "Publicly traded company" means a corporation whose securities are publicly traded
on a stock exchange that is regulated by the United States securities and exchange commission.
The term "publicly traded company" also includes all subsidiaries of such publicly traded
company.
(f) "Section 1031 exchange" means an exchange conducted pursuant to 26 U.S.C. sec.
1031 that allows investors to defer the tax on capital gains.
(g) "Taxpayer exchange funds" or "exchange funds" means money a taxpayer entrusts to
an exchange facilitator.
(3) Deceptive trade practices. A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when a
person acts as an exchange facilitator and:
(a) (I) Except as specified in subparagraph (III) of this paragraph (a), fails to notify all
current clients of any change in control of the exchange facilitator within two business days after
the effective date of the change by:
(A) Facsimile, e-mail transmission, or first-class mail; and
(B) Posting such notice on the exchange facilitator's website for a period ending not
sooner than ninety days after the change in control.
(II) The notice required in subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (a) shall specify the name,
address, and other contact information of the transferees.
(III) If the exchange facilitator is a publicly traded company and remains a publicly
traded company after a change in control, the exchange facilitator need not notify its client of the
change in control.
(IV) For purposes of this paragraph (a), "change in control" means any transfer within
twelve months of more than fifty percent of the assets or ownership interests, directly or
indirectly, of the exchange facilitator.
(b) (I) Fails to maintain adequate financial assurance and errors and omissions insurance
or deposits. An exchange facilitator may maintain bonds, insurance policies, deposits, or
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 70 of 210 Uncertified Printout
irrevocable letters of credit in excess of the amounts required by this subparagraph (I). An
exchange facilitator shall at all times:
(A) Maintain a fidelity bond or bonds executed by an insurer authorized to do business
in this state in the amount of at least one million dollars and maintain a policy of errors and
omissions insurance, in an amount of at least two hundred fifty thousand dollars, executed by an
insurer authorized to do business in this state;
(B) Deposit an amount of cash or irrevocable letters of credit in an amount of at least the
sum of the amounts specified in sub-subparagraph (A) of this subparagraph (I) in an interestbearing deposit account or in a money market account with a financial institution of the
exchange facilitator's choice, with the interest earned on such account accruing to the exchange
facilitator; or
(C) Deposit all exchange funds in a qualified escrow or qualified trust as those terms are
defined under 26 CFR 1.1031(k)-1 (g)(3) with a financial institution and provide that any
withdrawals from such qualified escrow or qualified trust require the taxpayer's and the
exchange facilitator's written authorization.
(II) A person claiming to have sustained damage by reason of the failure of an exchange
facilitator to comply with this section may file a claim to recover damages from the bond or
deposit described in this paragraph (b).
(c) Fails to act as a custodian for all exchange funds, including money, Colorado
property, other consideration, or instruments received by the exchange facilitator from or on
behalf of the taxpayer, except funds received as the exchange facilitator's compensation. As used
in this paragraph (c), "custodian" means a person who has the same responsibilities as a fiduciary
under Colorado law to protect and preserve assets and shall not mean a person who has the same
responsibilities as a fiduciary under Colorado law to increase assets or to accomplish other
fiduciary duties. Exchange funds are not subject to execution or attachment on any claim against
an exchange facilitator. An exchange facilitator shall not knowingly keep or cause to be kept any
money in a financial institution under any name designating the money as belonging to a
taxpayer unless the money equitably belongs to the taxpayer and was actually entrusted to the
exchange facilitator by the taxpayer. Taxpayer exchange funds in excess of two hundred fifty
thousand dollars shall be invested or deposited in such manner as to require both the taxpayer's
and the exchange facilitator's commercially reasonable means of authorization for withdrawal,
including: The taxpayer's delivery to the exchange facilitator of the taxpayer's authorization to
disburse exchange funds, and the exchange facilitator's delivery to the depository of the
exchange facilitator's authorization to disburse exchange funds; or delivery to the depository of
both the taxpayer's and the exchange facilitator's authorizations to disburse exchange funds. An
exchange facilitator shall provide the taxpayer with written notification of the manner in which
the exchange funds will be invested or deposited, shall invest or deposit exchange funds for the
benefit of the taxpayer in investments that meet a standard of care that an ordinarily prudent
investor would use when dealing with the property of another, and shall satisfy investment goals
of liquidity and preservation of principal. For purposes of this paragraph (c), a prudent investor
standard of care shall be deemed to have been violated if:
(I) A taxpayer's exchange funds are commingled by the exchange facilitator with the
operating accounts of the exchange facilitator or with the exchange funds of another taxpayer;
except that an exchange facilitator may aggregate exchange funds. For purposes of this
subparagraph (I):
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 71 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(A) "Aggregate" means to combine exchange funds of multiple taxpayers for investment
purposes to achieve common investment goals and efficiencies. Exchange funds that have been
aggregated into common investments shall be readily identifiable by the financial institution or
other regulated investment custodian holding the funds as to each taxpayer for whom they are
held through an accounting or subaccounting system.
(B) "Commingle" means to mix together exchange funds of taxpayers with other funds
belonging to or under the control of the exchange facilitator in such a manner that a taxpayer's
exchange funds cannot be distinguished from other funds belonging to or under the control of the
exchange facilitator.
(II) Exchange funds are loaned or otherwise transferred to any person or entity affiliated
with the exchange facilitator; except that this subparagraph (II) shall not apply to a transfer or
loan made to a financial institution that is the parent of or affiliated with the exchange facilitator
or from an exchange facilitator to an exchange accommodation titleholder, as defined in federal
internal revenue service revenue procedure 2000-37, as required under the section 1031
exchange contract; or
(III) Exchange funds are invested in a manner that does not provide sufficient liquidity
to meet the exchange facilitator's contractual obligations to the taxpayer and does not preserve
the principal of the exchange funds. The deposit of funds in a financial institution exempted
from this section pursuant to sub-subparagraph (B) of subparagraph (II) of paragraph (c) of
subsection (2) of this section shall be deemed to be sufficiently liquid to meet the requirements
of this subparagraph (III).
(d) Commits any of the following:
(I) Knowingly makes any material misrepresentation concerning an exchange
facilitator's transaction that is intended to mislead another;
(II) Pursues a continued or flagrant course of misrepresentation or makes false
statements through advertising or otherwise;
(III) Fails, within a reasonable time, to account for any money or property belonging to
others that may be in the possession or under the control of the exchange facilitator;
(IV) Engages in any conduct constituting fraudulent or dishonest dealing;
(V) Is convicted of, or, in the case of an entity, one or more of its owners, officers,
directors, or employees who has access to exchange funds is convicted of, any crime involving
fraud, misrepresentation, deceit, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds, robbery, or other
theft of property; except that commission of such crime by an officer, director, or employee of
an exchange facilitator shall not be considered a violation of this subparagraph (V) if the
employment or appointment of the officer, director, or employee has been terminated and no
clients of the exchange facilitator were harmed or full restitution has been made to all harmed
clients;
(VI) Wilfully fails to fulfill an exchange facilitator's contractual duties to the taxpayer to
deliver property or funds to the taxpayer unless such failure is due to circumstances beyond the
control of the exchange facilitator;
(VII) Materially violates this section or aids, abets, or knowingly permits any person to
violate this section;
(VIII) Commits an act that does not meet generally accepted standards of practice for
ordinarily prudent investors or fails to perform an act necessary to meet generally accepted
standards of practice for ordinarily prudent investors;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 72 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(IX) Fails to keep appropriate business and transaction records, falsifies such records, or
knowingly and wilfully makes incorrect entries of an essential nature on such records; except
that an exchange facilitator may dispose of records after a reasonable time pursuant to the
exchange facilitator's document retention and document destruction policy;
(X) Is disciplined in any way by a national certifying agency or by a regulatory agency
of another jurisdiction for conduct that relates to the person's employment as an exchange
facilitator; or
(XI) Is convicted of or pleads guilty or nolo contendere to a felony or any crime defined
in title 18, C.R.S., that relates to the person's employment as an exchange facilitator. A certified
copy of the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction of the conviction or plea shall be prima
facie evidence of the conviction or plea.
Source: L. 2009: Entire section added, (HB 09-1254), ch. 116, p. 487, § 1, effective
April 16.
6-1-722. Gift certificates - validity - exemptions - definitions. (1) (a) As used in this
section, "gift card" means a prefunded tangible or electronic record of a specific monetary value
evidencing an issuer's agreement to provide goods, services, credit, money, or anything of value.
A "gift card" includes, but is not limited to, a tangible card; electronic card; stored-value card; or
certificate or similar instrument, card, or tangible record, all of which contain a microprocessor
chip, magnetic chip, or other means for the storage of information and for which the value is
decremented upon each use. A "gift card" does not include a prefunded tangible or electronic
record issued by, or on behalf of, any government agency; a gift certificate that is issued only on
paper; a prepaid telecommunications or technology card; a card or certificate issued to a
consumer pursuant to an awards, loyalty, or promotional program for which no money or other
item of monetary value was exchanged; or a card that is donated or sold below face value at a
volume discount to an employer or charitable organization for fundraising purposes.
(b) This section shall not apply to gift cards that are usable with multiple sellers of goods
or services. This exception shall not apply to a gift card usable only with affiliated sellers of
goods or services.
(2) On and after August 11, 2010, the issuer shall redeem the remaining value of a gift
card for cash if the amount remaining is five dollars or less on request of the holder.
(3) It is unlawful for any person or entity to sell to a purchaser a gift card that contains a
service fee, a dormancy fee, an inactivity fee, a maintenance fee, or any other type of fee.
(4) A violation of this section shall be deemed a deceptive trade practice as provided in
section 6-1-105 (1)(ccc).
Source: L. 2010: Entire section added, (SB 10-155), ch. 180, p. 647, § 1, effective
August 11.
6-1-723. Cathinone bath salts - deceptive trade practice. (1) It is unlawful for any
person or entity to distribute, dispense, manufacture, display for sale, offer for sale, attempt to
sell, or sell to a purchaser any product that is labeled as a bath salt or any other trademark if the
product contains any amount of any cathinones, as defined in section 18-18-102 (3.5), C.R.S.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 73 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(2) (a) A violation of this section shall be deemed a deceptive trade practice as provided
in section 6-1-105 (1)(fff), and the violator shall be subject to a civil penalty as described in
section 6-1-112 (1)(d) in addition to any applicable criminal penalty.
(b) For the purposes of this section, a person shall be deemed to have committed a
violation for each individually packaged product that he or she distributed, dispensed,
manufactured, displayed for sale, offered for sale, attempted to sell, or sold in violation of
subsection (1) of this section.
Source: L. 2012: Entire section added, (HB 12-1310), ch. 268, p. 1406, § 32, effective
June 7. L. 2014: Entire section amended, (HB 14-1037), ch. 358, p. 1683, § 5, effective August
6.
6-1-724. Unlicensed alternative health care practitioners - deceptive trade practices
- short title - legislative declaration - definitions. (1) This section shall be known and may be
cited as the "Colorado Natural Health Consumer Protection Act".
(2) The general assembly hereby finds and declares that:
(a) According to a July 2009 report from the national institute of health's national center
for complementary and alternative medicine, which was based on 2007 survey data:
(I) Thirty-eight percent of Americans use complementary and alternative medicine; and
(II) Americans spent nearly thirty-four billion dollars in out-of-pocket costs in a twelvemonth period for complementary and alternative medicine;
(b) It is estimated that more than one million five hundred thousand Coloradans
currently receive a substantial volume of health care services from complementary and
alternative health care practitioners;
(c) Those studies further indicate that individuals who use complementary and
alternative health care services represent a wide variety of age, ethnic, socioeconomic, and other
demographic categories;
(d) Although complementary and alternative health care practitioners are not regulated
by the state and are not required to obtain a state-issued license, certification, or registration, the
provision of alternative health care services in some circumstances may be interpreted as the
provision of a health care service that only a professional who is licensed or otherwise regulated
by the state may perform, thereby subjecting complementary and alternative health care
practitioners to potential fines, penalties, and restrictions of their practices even though their
practices do not pose an imminent and discernable risk of significant harm to public health and
safety;
(e) Because the state recognizes and values the freedom of consumers to choose their
health care providers, including the ability to choose a person who is not regulated by the state,
the intent of this section is to protect consumer choice and, in consideration of the public's health
and safety, to remove technical barriers to access to unregulated health care practitioners and
include appropriate consumer protections and disclosures as required in this section; and
(f) Nothing in this section:
(I) Requires a person engaged in complementary and alternative health care to obtain a
license, certification, or registration from the state as long as the person practices within the
parameters of this section;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 74 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(II) Limits the public's right to access complementary and alternative health care
practitioners or the right of an unregulated complementary and alternative health care
practitioner to practice.
(3) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Complementary and alternative health care practitioner" means a person who
provides complementary and alternative health care services in accordance with this section and
who is not licensed, certified, or registered by the state as a health care professional.
(b) (I) "Complementary and alternative health care services" means advice and services:
(A) Within the broad domain of health care and healing arts therapies and methods that
are based on complementary and alternative theories of health and wellness, including those that
are traditional, cultural, religious, or integrative; and
(B) That are not prohibited by subsection (6) of this section.
(II) "Complementary and alternative health care services" include:
(A) Healing practices using food; food extracts; dietary supplements, as defined in the
federal "Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994", Pub.L. 103-417; nutrients;
homeopathic remedies and preparations; and the physical forces of heat, cold, water, touch,
sound, and light;
(B) Stress reduction healing practices; and
(C) Mind-body and energetic healing practices.
(c) "Health care professional" means a person engaged in a health care profession for
which the state requires the person to obtain a license, certification, or registration under title 12,
C.R.S., in order to engage in the health care profession.
(4) This section applies to any person who is not licensed, certified, or registered by the
state as a health care professional and who is practicing complementary and alternative health
care services.
(5) (a) A person who is not licensed, certified, or registered by the state as a health care
professional and who is practicing complementary and alternative health care services consistent
with this section does not violate any statute relating to a health care profession or professional
practice act unless the person:
(I) Engages in an activity prohibited in subsection (6) of this section; or
(II) Fails to fulfill the disclosure duties specified in subsection (7) of this section.
(b) A complementary and alternative health care practitioner who engages in an activity
prohibited by subsection (6) of this section is subject to the enforcement provisions, civil
penalties, and damages specified in part 1 of this article, is no longer exempt from laws
regulating the practice of health care professionals under title 12, C.R.S., and may be subject to
penalties for unauthorized practice of a state-regulated health care profession.
(c) A person who fails to comply with subsection (7) of this section is subject to the
enforcement provisions, civil penalties, and damages specified in part 1 of this article.
(6) A complementary and alternative health care practitioner providing complementary
and alternative health care services under this section who is not licensed, certified, or registered
by the state shall not:
(a) Perform surgery or any invasive procedure, including a procedure that requires entry
into the body through skin, puncture, mucosa, incision, or other intrusive method, except as
permitted under paragraph (g) of this subsection (6);
(b) Administer or prescribe X ray radiation to another person;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 75 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(c) Prescribe, administer, inject, dispense, suggest, or recommend a prescription or
legend drug or a controlled substance or device identified in the federal "Controlled Substances
Act", 21 U.S.C. sec. 801 et seq., as amended;
(d) Use general or spinal anesthetics, other than topical anesthetics;
(e) Administer ionizing radioactive substances for therapeutic purposes;
(f) Use a laser device that punctures the skin, incises the body, or is otherwise used as an
invasive instrument. If a complementary and alternative health care practitioner uses a laser
device as a noninvasive instrument, the laser device must be cleared by the federal food and drug
administration for over-the-counter use.
(g) Perform enemas or colonic irrigation unless the complementary and alternative
health care practitioner:
(I) Maintains board certification through the international association of colon
hydrotherapy or the national board for colon hydrotherapy or their successor entities;
(II) Discloses that he or she is not a physician licensed pursuant to article 36 of title 12,
C.R.S.; and
(III) Recommends that the client have a relationship with a licensed physician;
(h) Practice midwifery;
(i) Practice psychotherapy, as defined in section 12-43-201 (9), C.R.S.;
(j) Perform spinal adjustment, manipulation, or mobilization;
(k) Provide optometric procedures or interventions that constitute the practice of
optometry, as defined in article 40 of title 12, C.R.S.;
(l) Directly administer medical protocols to a pregnant woman or to a client who has
cancer;
(m) Treat a child who is under two years of age;
(n) Treat a child who is two years of age or older but less than eight years of age unless
the complementary and alternative health care practitioner:
(I) Obtains the written, signed consent of the child's parent or legal guardian;
(II) Discloses that he or she is not a physician licensed pursuant to article 36 of title 12,
C.R.S.;
(III) Recommends that the child have a relationship with a licensed pediatric health care
provider; and
(IV) Requests permission from the parent or legal guardian for the complementary and
alternative health care practitioner to attempt to develop and maintain a collaborative
relationship with the child's licensed pediatric health care provider, if the child has a relationship
with a licensed pediatric health care provider;
(o) Provide dental procedures or interventions that constitute the practice of dentistry, as
defined in article 35 of title 12, C.R.S.;
(p) Set fractures;
(q) Practice or represent that he or she is practicing massage or massage therapy as
defined in article 35.5 of title 12, C.R.S.;
(r) Provide a conventional medical disease diagnosis to a client;
(s) Recommend the discontinuation of a course of care, including a prescription drug,
that was recommended or prescribed by a health care professional; or
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 76 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(t) Hold oneself out as, state, indicate, advertise, or imply to a client or prospective client
that he or she is a physician, surgeon, or both, or that he or she is a health care professional who
is licensed, certified, or registered by the state.
(7) (a) Any person providing complementary and alternative health care services in this
state who is not licensed, certified, or registered by the state as a health care professional is not
regulated by a professional board or the division of professions and occupations in the
department of regulatory agencies pursuant to title 12, C.R.S., and is advertising or charging a
fee for health care services shall provide to each client during the initial client contact the
following information in a plainly worded written statement:
(I) The complementary and alternative health care practitioner's name, business address,
telephone number, and any other contact information for the practitioner;
(II) The fact that the complementary and alternative health care practitioner is not
licensed, certified, or registered by the state as a health care professional;
(III) The nature of the complementary and alternative health care services to be
provided;
(IV) A listing of any degrees, training, experience, credentials, or other qualifications the
person holds regarding the complementary and alternative health care services he or she
provides;
(V) A statement that the client should discuss any recommendations made by the
complementary and alternative health care practitioner with the client's primary care physician,
obstetrician, gynecologist, oncologist, cardiologist, pediatrician, or other board-certified
physician; and
(VI) A statement indicating whether or not the complementary and alternative health
care practitioner is covered by liability insurance applicable to any injury caused by an act or
omission of the complementary and alternative health care practitioner in providing
complementary and alternative health care services pursuant to this section.
(b) Before a complementary and alternative health care practitioner provides
complementary and alternative health care services for the first time to a client, the
complementary and alternative health care practitioner shall obtain a written, signed
acknowledgment from the client stating that the client has received the information described in
paragraph (a) of this subsection (7). The complementary and alternative health care practitioner
shall give a copy of the acknowledgment to the client and shall retain the original or a copy of
the acknowledgment for at least two years after the last date of service.
(c) A complementary and alternative health care practitioner shall not represent in any
advertisement for complementary and alternative health care services that the complementary
and alternative health care practitioner is licensed, certified, or registered by the state as a health
care professional.
(8) The following persons shall not provide complementary and alternative health care
services pursuant to this section:
(a) A health care professional whose state-issued license, certification, or registration has
been revoked or suspended by the state and has not been reinstated;
(b) A person who has been convicted of a felony for a crime against a person or a felony
related to health care and who has not satisfied the terms of the sentence imposed for the crime.
As used in this paragraph (b), "convicted" includes entering a plea of guilty or nolo contendere
or the imposition of a deferred sentence.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 77 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(c) A person who has been deemed mentally incompetent by a court of law.
(9) (a) A complementary and alternative health care practitioner who renders
complementary and alternative health care services consistent with this section is not engaging in
the practice of medicine, as defined in article 36 of title 12, C.R.S., and is not violating the
"Colorado Medical Practice Act", article 36 of title 12, C.R.S., as long as the complementary and
alternative health care practitioner does not engage in an act prohibited in subsection (6) of this
section.
(b) Nothing otherwise authorizes a complementary and alternative health care
practitioner practicing within the scope of practice in this section to engage in the practice of
medicine.
(10) This section does not apply to or prohibit:
(a) Any licensed, certified, or registered health care professional from practicing his or
her regulated profession;
(b) The practice of health care services that are exempt from state regulation or the
provision of health care services by a person who is exempt from state regulation; or
(c) A person from selling dietary supplements as stipulated under the federal "Dietary
Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994", Pub.L. 103-417, or other natural health care
products or advising, educating, or counseling about the structure and function of the human
body and the use of natural health care products to support health and wellness.
(11) This section does not limit the right of any person to seek relief under this article or
any other available civil or common law remedy for damages resulting from the negligence of a
person providing complementary and alternative health care services.
(12) Nothing in this section relieves a licensed, certified, or registered health care
professional from liability arising from any injury caused by the health care professional in the
course of providing complementary or alternative health care services.
(13) Nothing in this section prevents a consumer from obtaining nutritional information
from a nutritionist employed by or under contract with a health food store or wellness center or
the nutritionist from providing nutritional information to the consumer.
(14) A violation of this section constitutes a deceptive trade practice under this article.
Source: L. 2013: Entire section added, (SB 13-215), ch. 399, p. 2328, § 1, effective June
5. L. 2016: (6)(q) amended, (HB 16-1320), ch. 265, p. 1101, § 9, effective June 8.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration in HB 16-1320, see section 1 of chapter
265, Session Laws of Colorado 2016.
6-1-725. Synthetic cannabinoids - incense - deceptive trade practice. (1) It is
unlawful for any person or entity to distribute, dispense, manufacture, display for sale, offer for
sale, attempt to sell, or sell to a purchaser any product that contains any amount of any synthetic
cannabinoid, as defined in section 18-18-102 (34.5), C.R.S.
(2) (a) A violation of this section is a deceptive trade practice as provided in section 6-1-
105 (1)(ggg), and the violator shall be subject to a civil penalty as described in section 6-1-112
(1)(e) in addition to any applicable criminal penalty.
(b) For the purposes of this section, a person shall be deemed to have committed a
violation for each individually packaged product that he or she distributed, dispensed,
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 78 of 210 Uncertified Printout
manufactured, displayed for sale, offered for sale, attempted to sell, or sold in violation of
subsection (1) of this section.
Source: L. 2014: Entire section added, (HB 14-1037), ch. 358, p. 1681, § 1, effective
August 6.
6-1-726. Sale of public services - deceptive trade practice - definition. (1) A person
engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of the person's business, vocation, or
occupation, the person does any of the following with respect to a government service or an
appointment to receive a government service and if a government entity makes the service or
appointment publicly available without charge:
(a) The person reserves or obtains the service or appointment, and the person sells the
service or appointment;
(b) The person reserves or obtains, with the intent to sell, the service or appointment;
(c) The person reserves or obtains the service or appointment, and the person appends
the service or appointment to another good or service the person offers for sale; or
(d) The person falsely represents to the potential customer that the person has obtained
or secured the service or appointment, and the person attempts to sell the service or appointment.
(2) This section does not apply when the person:
(a) Has consent from the government entity to sell the specific service or appointment
obtained or reserved; or
(b) Is obtaining and selling or offering to sell only information.
(3) As used in this section, "government entity" means the state of Colorado, a political
subdivision of Colorado, or an agency of either the state of Colorado or a political subdivision of
Colorado.
Source: L. 2016: Entire section added, (HB 16-1335), ch. 246, p. 1015, § 3, effective
July 1.
6-1-727. Immigration-related services provided by nonattorneys - deceptive trade
practice - definitions. (1) Legislative declaration. The general assembly hereby finds and
determines that the practice by some nonattorneys of providing legal advice or services in
immigration matters negatively impacts the people who use their services and the public interest
in preventing fraud and providing adequate opportunities to pursue immigration relief. While the
Colorado supreme court regulates the practice of law in this state, the general assembly hereby
finds and declares that it is in the public interest to prohibit nonattorneys from engaging in
deceptive trade practices in immigration services in addition to the Colorado supreme court's
prohibition against the unauthorized practice of law.
(2) Definitions. As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) "Compensation" means money, property, or anything else of value.
(b) (I) "Immigration matter" means a proceeding, filing, or other action that affects a
person's immigrant, nonimmigrant, or citizenship status that arises under an immigration and
naturalization law, executive order, or presidential proclamation or pursuant to an action of the
United States citizenship and immigration services, the United States immigration and customs
enforcement, the United States department of labor, the United States department of state, the
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 79 of 210 Uncertified Printout
United States department of justice, the United States department of homeland security, the
board of immigration appeals, or their successor agencies, or any other entity having jurisdiction
over immigration law.
(II) "Immigration matter" includes a pending or future act of congress or executive order
that concerns immigration reform.
(c) "Practice of law" has the meaning established by the Colorado supreme court,
whether by rule or decision.
(3) Prohibited practices - assistance with immigration matters - permitted
practices. (a) A person shall not engage in the practice of law in an immigration matter for
compensation unless the person is:
(I) Licensed or otherwise authorized to practice law in this state pursuant to Colorado
supreme court rules and article 93 of title 13; or
(II) Authorized, under federal law, whether acting through a charitable organization or
otherwise, to represent others in immigration matters.
(b) If a person other than a person listed in subparagraph (I) or (II) of paragraph (a) of
this subsection (3) engages in or offers to engage in one or more of the following acts or
practices in an immigration matter for compensation, the person engages in a deceptive trade
practice:
(I) Advising or assisting another person in a determination of the person's legal or illegal
status for the purpose of an immigration matter;
(II) For the purpose of applying for a benefit, visa, or program related to an immigration
matter, selecting for another person, assisting another person in selecting, or advising another
person in selecting a benefit, visa, or program;
(III) Selecting for another person, assisting another person in selecting, or advising
another person in selecting his or her answers on a government agency form or document related
to an immigration matter;
(IV) Preparing documents for, or otherwise representing the interests of, another person
in a judicial or administrative proceeding in an immigration matter;
(V) Explaining, advising, or otherwise interpreting the meaning or intent of a question
on a government agency form in an immigration matter;
(VI) Demanding or accepting advance payment for the future performance of services in
an immigration matter, especially with regard to services to be performed if a pending or future
act of congress or executive order that concerns immigration reform is made effective; or
(VII) Selecting, drafting, or completing a legal document affecting the legal rights of
another person in an immigration matter.
(c) With or without compensation or the expectation of compensation, a person other
than a person listed in subparagraph (I) or (II) of paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) engages in a
deceptive trade practice in an immigration matter if he or she represents, in any language, either
orally or in a document, letterhead, advertisement, stationery, business card, website, or other
written material that he or she:
(I) Is a notario publico, notario, immigration assistant, immigration consultant,
immigration specialist, or other designation or title that conveys or implies in any language that
he or she possesses professional legal skills or expertise in the area of immigration law; or
(II) Can or is willing to provide services in an immigration matter, if such services
would constitute the practice of law.
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(d) The prohibitions of subsection (3)(a) to (3)(c) of this section do not apply to the
activities of a nonattorney assistant acting under the supervision of a person who is:
(I) Licensed or otherwise authorized to practice law in this state pursuant to Colorado
supreme court rules and article 93 of title 13; or
(II) Authorized, under federal law, to represent others in immigration matters.
(e) Notwithstanding paragraphs (a) to (d) of this subsection (3), a person other than a
person listed in subparagraph (I) or (II) of paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) may:
(I) Offer or provide language translation or typing services, regardless of whether
compensation is sought;
(II) Secure or offer to secure existing documents, such as birth and marriage certificates,
for a person seeking services; or
(III) Offer other immigration-related services that:
(A) Are not prohibited under this subsection (3), section 24-21-523 (1)(f) or (1)(i) or 24-
21-525 (3), (4), or (5), or any other provision of law; and
(B) Do not constitute the practice of law.
Source: L. 2016: Entire section added, (HB 16-1391), ch. 354, p. 1453, § 1, effective
June 10. L. 2017: (3)(a)(I), IP(3)(d), and (3)(d)(I) amended, (SB 17-227), ch. 192, p. 704, § 3,
effective August 9; (3)(e)(III)(A) amended, (SB 17-132), ch. 207, p. 808, § 5, effective July 1,
2018.
Editor's note: (1) Section 8(1) of Senate Bill 17-132 was amended by section 121 of
Senate Bill 17-294 to change the effective date of Senate Bill 17-132 from August 9, 2017, to
July 1, 2018.
(2) Section 8(2) of chapter 207 (SB 17-132), Session Laws of Colorado 2017, provides
that the act changing this section applies to conduct occurring on or after July 1, 2018.
6-1-728. Solicitation of fee for a deed or deed of trust - definitions. (1) As used in
this section:
(a) "Local government" means a political subdivision of this state, a special purpose
district in this state, an instrumentality or corporation of such a political subdivision or special
purpose district, or a combination or subunit of any of them.
(b) "Solicit" or "solicitation" means to directly advertise or market through writing or
graphics and via mail, telefax, or electronic mail to an individually identified person, residence,
or business location. "Solicit" and "solicitation" do not include any of the following:
(I) Communicating via telephone, mail, or electronic communication, if initiated by a
consumer; or
(II) Advertising and marketing to those with whom the solicitor has a preexisting
business relationship.
(c) "State agency" means any office, department, or independent agency in the executive
branch of Colorado state government, the general assembly, or the courts.
(2) A person who solicits a fee for providing a copy of a deed or deed of trust shall:
(a) Not less than fifteen days before distributing a solicitation, furnish a copy of the
document that will be used for the solicitation to each county clerk and recorder where the
solicitation is to be distributed;
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(b) Not charge a fee of more than four times the amount charged by the county clerk and
recorder that has custody of the deed or deed of trust for a copy of the same deed or deed of
trust; and
(c) (I) State on the top of the document used for the solicitation, in at least twenty-fourpoint type:
(A) That the solicitation is not from a state agency or local government;
(B) That no action is legally required of the person being solicited;
(C) The fee for, or the cost of, obtaining a copy of the deed or deed of trust from the
county clerk and recorder that has custody of the deed or deed of trust;
(D) The information necessary to contact the county clerk and recorder that has custody
of the deed or deed of trust; and
(E) The name and physical address of the person soliciting the fee.
(II) The document used for a solicitation must not be in a form or use deadline dates or
other language that makes the document appear to be a document issued by a state agency or
local government or that appears to impose a legal duty on the individual being solicited.
(3) Only the attorney general or district attorney may bring an action against a person
who violates this section. The penalties specified in section 6-1-112 apply to the action.
Source: L. 2018: Entire section added, (HB 18-1154), ch. 136, p. 892, § 1, effective
August 8.
Editor's note: Section 2 of chapter 136 (HB 18-1154), Session Laws of Colorado 2018,
provides that the act adding this section applies to conduct occurring on or after August 8, 2018.
PART 8
SWEEPSTAKES AND CONTESTS
6-1-801. Legislative finding, declaration, and intent. (1) The general assembly hereby
finds, determines, and declares that a vast number of sweepstakes and contests have been and are
being directed to Colorado consumers; that Colorado consumers may have paid millions of
dollars to purchase goods or services to enter sweepstakes and contests based on representations
created by the sponsors of those sweepstakes and contests; that these sweepstakes and contests
may be targeted to certain vulnerable Colorado consumers; that there is a compelling need to
curtail and prevent the most deceptive practices in connection with the promotion of sweepstakes
and contests; that there is a compelling need for more complete disclosure of rules and operation
of sweepstakes and contests in which money or other valuable consideration may be solicited;
that preventing the deceptive promotions of sweepstakes and contests is a matter vitally affecting
the public interest; and, therefore, that statutory regulation of sweepstakes and contests is
necessary to the general welfare of the public.
(2) It is the intent of the general assembly to require that Colorado consumers be
provided with all relevant information necessary to make an informed decision concerning
sweepstakes and contests. It is also the intent of the general assembly to prohibit misleading and
deceptive prize promotions. The terms of this part 8 shall be construed liberally in order to
achieve this purpose.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 82 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 2000: Entire part added, p. 861, § 1, effective August 2.
6-1-802. Definitions. As used in this part 8, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Contest" means any game, puzzle, competition, or plan that holds out or offers to
prospective participants the opportunity to receive or compete for gifts, prizes, or gratuities as
determined by skill or any combination of chance and skill; except that "contest" shall not be
construed to include any activity of licensees regulated under part 6 of article 21 of title 24 or
article 30 or 40 of title 44.
(2) "No purchase necessary message" means the following statement, set apart and in
bold-faced type, and at least ten-point type: "No purchase or payment of any kind is necessary to
enter or win this [sweepstakes or contest].".
(3) "Official rules" means the formal printed statement of the rules for the sweepstakes
or contest, which statement shall be printed in contrasting type face at least ten-point type.
(4) "Prize" means cash or an item or service of monetary value that is offered or awarded
to a person in a real or purported sweepstakes or contest.
(5) "Prize notice" means a written notice, other than an advertisement appearing in a
magazine or newspaper of general circulation, delivered by the United States postal service or by
a private carrier, that is or contains a representation that the recipient will receive, or may be or
may become eligible to receive, a prize.
(6) "Represent" and "representation" includes express statements and the implications
and inferences that would be drawn from those statements, taking into account the context in
which the representation is made, including, but not limited to, emphasis, font, size, color,
location, and presentation of the representation and any qualifying language. If the
representation is made on or visible through a mailing envelope, the context in which the
representation is to be considered, including any qualifying language, shall be limited to that
which is visible without opening the mailing envelope.
(7) "Retail value" of a prize means:
(a) A price at which the sponsor can demonstrate that a substantial number of the prizes
or substantially similar items have been sold to the public in this state by someone other than the
sponsor during the preceding year; or
(b) If the sponsor is unable to satisfy the requirement in paragraph (a) of this subsection
(7), then the retail value is no more than one and one-half times the amount that the sponsor paid
or would pay for the prize in a bona fide purchase from a seller unaffiliated with the sponsor.
(8) "Specially selected" means a representation that a person is a winner, a finalist, in
first place or tied for first place, or otherwise among a limited group of persons with an enhanced
likelihood of receiving a prize.
(9) "Sponsor" means a person who offers, by means of a prize notice, a prize to another
person in this state in conjunction with any real or purported sweepstakes or contest that requires
or allows, or creates the impression of requiring or allowing, the person to purchase any goods or
services or pay any money as a condition of receiving, or in conjunction with allowing the
person to receive, use, compete for, or obtain a prize or information about a prize.
(10) "Sweepstakes" means any competition, giveaway, drawing, plan, or other selection
process or other enterprise or promotion in which anything of value is awarded to participants by
chance or random selection that is not otherwise unlawful under other provisions of law; except
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that "sweepstakes" shall not be construed to include any activity of licensees regulated under part
6 of article 21 of title 24 or article 30 or 40 of title 44.
Source: L. 2000: Entire part added, p. 862, § 1, effective August 2. L. 2018: (1) and (10)
amended,(SB 18-034), ch. 14, p. 237, § 6, effective October 1; (1) and (10) amended, (HB 18-
1027), ch. 31, p. 362, § 4, effective October 1.
Editor's note: Amendments to subsections (1) and (10) by HB 18-1027 and SB 18-034
were harmonized.
6-1-803. Prohibited practices and required disclosures. (1) No sponsor shall require
a person to pay the sponsor money or any other consideration as a condition of awarding the
person a prize, or as a condition of allowing the person to receive, use, compete for, or obtain a
prize or information about a prize.
(2) No sponsor shall represent that a person has won or unconditionally will be the
winner of a prize or use language that may lead a person to believe he or she has won a prize,
unless all of the following conditions are met:
(a) The person shall be given the prize without obligation;
(b) The person shall be notified at no expense to such person within fifteen days of
winning a prize; and
(c) The representation is not false, deceptive, or misleading.
(3) If a sponsor offers one or more items of the same or substantially the same value to
all or substantially all of the recipients of a prize notice, the sponsor shall not:
(a) Represent that such items are prizes or that the process by which such items are to be
distributed is a sweepstakes or contest, or otherwise represent that such process involves a
distribution by chance; or
(b) Represent that the recipient is or has been specially selected unless it is true.
(4) No sponsor shall represent that a person has been specially selected in connection
with a sweepstakes or contest unless it is true.
(5) No sponsor shall represent that a person may be or may become a winner of a prize,
characterize the person as a possible winner of a prize, or represent that the person will, upon the
satisfaction of some condition or the occurrence of some event or other contingency, become the
winner of a prize, unless each of the following is clearly and conspicuously disclosed:
(a) The material conditions necessary to make the representation truthful and not
misleading, including but not limited to the conditions that must be satisfied in order for the
person to be determined as the winner. All such conditions shall be:
(I) Presented in such a manner that they are an integral part of the representation and not
separated from the remainder of the representation by intervening words, graphics, colors, or
excessive blank space;
(II) Made in terms, syntax, and grammar that are as simple and easy to understand as
those used in the representation; and
(III) Presented in such a manner that they appear in the same type size and in the same
type face, color, style, and font as the remainder of the representation.
(b) The fact that the person has not yet won;
(c) The no purchase necessary message;
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(d) The retail value of each prize;
(e) The estimated odds of receiving each prize pursuant to paragraph (c) of subsection
(6) of this section;
(f) The true name or names of the sponsor, the address of the sponsor's actual principal
place of business, and the address at which the sponsor may be contacted;
(g) If receipt of a prize is subject to a restriction, a statement that a restriction applies
and a description of the restriction;
(h) The deadline for submission of an entry to be eligible to win each prize;
(i) If a sponsor represents that the person is or has been specially selected, and if the
representation is not prohibited under subsections (3) and (4) of this section, then immediately
adjacent to such representation, in the same type size and boldness as the representation, a
statement of the maximum number of persons in the group or purported group of persons with
this enhanced likelihood of receiving a prize;
(j) The official rules for the sweepstakes or contest.
(6) Unless otherwise provided by subsection (5) of this section, the information required
by subsection (5) of this section shall be presented in the following form:
(a) The information required by paragraphs (b) to (h) of subsection (5) of this section
may be presented either:
(I) Immediately adjacent to the first identification of the prize to which it refers and in
the same type size and boldness as the reference to the prize; or
(II) In a separate section of official rules with a section entitled "consumer disclosure",
which title shall be printed in no less than twelve-point, bold-faced type, which section shall
contain only a description of the prize, and which text shall be printed in no less than ten-point
type.
(b) In addition to the other requirements of this subsection (6), the no purchase necessary
message shall be presented in the official rules and, if the official rules do not appear thereon, on
any device by which a person enters a sweepstakes or contest or purchases any goods or services
or pays any money in connection with a sweepstakes or contest. The no purchase necessary
message included in the official rules shall be set out in a separate paragraph in the official rules
and be printed in capital letters in contrasting type face not smaller than the largest type face
used in the text of the official rules. If a person is required or allowed to enter the sweepstakes or
contest, or purchase any goods or services or pay any money in connection with a sweepstakes
or contest, through a telephone call, the no purchase necessary message must be read to the
person during the telephone call prior to accepting the entry, purchase, or payment.
(c) The statement of the odds of receiving each prize shall include, for each prize, the
total number of prizes to be given away and the estimated odds of winning each prize based
upon the following formula: "____ [number of prizes] out of _____ prize notices distributed".
(d) All dollar values shall be stated in Arabic numerals and be preceded by a dollar sign.
(7) No sponsor shall subject sweepstakes or contest entries not accompanied by an order
for products or services to any disability or disadvantage in the winner selection process to
which an entry accompanied by an order for products or services would not be subject.
(8) No sponsor shall represent that an entry in a sweepstakes or contest accompanied by
an order for products or services will be eligible to receive additional prizes or be more likely to
win than an entry not accompanied by an order for products or services, or that an entry not
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 85 of 210 Uncertified Printout
accompanied by an order for products or services will have a reduced chance of winning a prize
in the sweepstakes or contest.
(9) No sponsor shall represent that a person will have an increased chance of receiving a
prize by making multiple or duplicate purchases, payments, or donations, or by entering a
sweepstakes or contest more than one time.
(10) No sponsor shall represent that a person is being notified a second or final time of
the opportunity to receive or compete for a prize, unless the representation is true.
(11) No sponsor shall represent that a prize notice is urgent or otherwise convey an
impression of urgency by use of description, narrative copy, phrasing on a mailing envelope, or
similar method, unless there is a limited time period in which the recipient must take some
action to claim or be eligible to receive a prize, and the date by which such action is required
appears immediately adjacent to each representation of urgency in the same type size and
boldness as each representation of urgency.
(12) No sponsor shall deliver, or cause to be delivered, a prize notice which is in the
form of, or a prize notice which includes, a document which simulates a bond, check, or other
negotiable instrument, unless that document contains a statement that such document is
nonnegotiable and has no cash value.
(13) No sponsor shall deliver, or cause to be delivered, a prize notice which:
(a) Simulates or falsely represents that it is a document authorized, issued, or approved
by any court, official, or agency of the United States or any state or by any lawyer, law firm, or
insurance or brokerage company; or
(b) Creates a false impression as to its source, authorization, or approval.
(14) No sponsor shall represent that a prize notice is being delivered by any method
other than bulk mail unless that is the case or otherwise misrepresent the manner in which the
prize notice is delivered.
(15) In the operation of a sweepstakes or contest, no sponsor shall:
(a) Misrepresent in any manner the likelihood or odds of winning any prize or
misrepresent in any manner the rules, terms, or conditions of participation in a sweepstakes or
contest;
(b) Fail to clearly and conspicuously disclose with all contest puzzles and games all of
the following in the rules:
(I) The number of rounds or levels which may be necessary to complete the contest and
determine winners;
(II) Whether future puzzles or games, if any, or tie breakers, if any, will be significantly
more difficult than the initial puzzle;
(III) The date or dates on or before which the contest will terminate and upon which all
prizes will be awarded;
(IV) The method of determining prizewinners if a tie remains after the last tie breaker
puzzle is completed; and
(V) All rules, regulations, terms, and conditions of the contest.
(16) The prohibited practices listed in this section are in addition to and do not limit the
types of unfair trade practices actionable at common law or under other civil and criminal
statutes of this state.
(17) No sponsor, requiring a person to respond in any manner to claim a prize, shall
require the person to purchase insurance; except that the sponsor is in no way responsible for
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applicable state and federal taxes on the prize; and except that a sponsor may require proof of
health insurance in order to claim a prize for travel or recreational activities. Such health
insurance may not be acquired from the sponsor.
Source: L. 2000: Entire part added, p. 863, § 1, effective August 2. L. 2002: (17) added,
p. 383, § 1, effective April 25.
6-1-804. Exemptions. (1) The requirements of section 6-1-803 (5) and (6) shall not
apply to solicitations or representations made in connection with the sale of goods:
(a) By a catalog seller that derives at least thirty-seven and one-half percent of its annual
revenues from the sale of products sold in connection with the distribution of catalogs of at least
twenty-four pages that contain written descriptions or illustrations and sale prices for each item
of merchandise, if the catalogs are distributed in more than one state with a total annual
distribution of at least two hundred fifty thousand; or
(b) From a membership group or club selling books, periodicals, recordings,
videocassettes and similar items that is regulated by the federal trade commission pursuant to 16
CFR 425.1 concerning the use of negative option plans by sellers in commerce.
Source: L. 2000: (1)(a) amended, p. 989, § 108, effective July 1; entire part added, p.
867, § 1, effective August 2.
PART 9
COLORADO NO-CALL LIST ACT
6-1-901. Short title. This part 9 shall be known and may be cited as the "Colorado NoCall List Act".
Source: L. 2001: Entire part added, p. 1454, § 1, effective August 8.
6-1-902. Legislative declaration. (1) The general assembly hereby finds, determines,
and declares that:
(a) The use of the telephone and telefacsimile ("fax") to market goods and services is
widespread;
(b) Many citizens of this state view telemarketing as an invasion of privacy;
(c) Individuals' privacy rights and commercial freedom of speech should be balanced in
a way that accommodates both the privacy of individuals and legitimate telemarketing practices;
(d) Although charitable and political organizations are exempt from the provisions of
this part 9 because of considerations of freedom of speech, the general assembly encourages
such organizations to voluntarily comply with this part 9 when possible; and
(e) It is in the public interest to establish a mechanism under which the individual
citizens of this state can decide whether or not to receive telephone solicitations by phone or fax.
Source: L. 2001: Entire part added, p. 1454, § 1, effective August 8.
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6-1-903. Definitions. As used in this part 9, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Caller identification service" means a type of telephone service that permits
telephone subscribers to see the telephone number of incoming telephone calls.
(2) "Colorado no-call list" means the database of Colorado residential subscribers and
wireless telephone service subscribers that have given notice, in accordance with rules
promulgated under section 6-1-905, of such subscribers' objection to receiving telephone
solicitations.
(3) "Conforming consolidated no-call list" means any database that includes telephone
numbers of telephone subscribers that do not wish to receive telephone solicitations, if such
database has been updated within the prior thirty days to include all of the telephone numbers on
the Colorado no-call list.
(4) "Conforming list broker" means any person or entity that provides lists for the
purpose of telephone solicitation, if such lists shall have removed, at a minimum of every thirty
days, any phone numbers that are included on the Colorado no-call list.
(5) "Designated agent" means the party with which the public utilities commission
contracts under section 6-1-905 (2).
(6) "Electronic mail" means an electronic message that is transmitted between two or
more computers or electronic terminals. "Electronic mail" includes electronic messages that are
transmitted within or between computer networks.
(7) (a) "Established business relationship" means a relationship that:
(I) Was formed, prior to the telephone solicitation, through a voluntary, two-way
communication between a seller or telephone solicitor and a residential subscriber or wireless
telephone service subscriber, with or without consideration, on the basis of an application,
purchase, ongoing contractual agreement, or commercial transaction between the parties
regarding products or services offered by such seller or telephone solicitor; and
(II) Has not been previously terminated by either party; and
(III) Currently exists or has existed within the immediately preceding eighteen months.
(b) "Established business relationship", with respect to a financial institution or affiliate,
as those terms are defined in section 527 of the federal "Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act", includes any
situation in which a financial institution or affiliate makes solicitation calls related to other
financial services offered, if the financial institution or affiliate is subject to the requirements
regarding privacy of Title V of the federal "Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act", and the financial
institution or affiliate regularly conducts business in Colorado.
(8) "Internet" means the international computer network consisting of federal and
nonfederal, interoperable, packet-controlled switched data networks.
(9) "Residential subscriber" means a person who has subscribed to residential telephone
service with a local exchange provider, as defined in section 40-15-102 (18), C.R.S. "Person"
also includes any other persons living or residing with such person.
(10) (a) "Telephone solicitation" means any voice, telefacsimile, graphic imaging, or
data communication, including text messaging communication over a telephone line or through a
wireless telephone for the purpose of encouraging the purchase or rental of, or investment in,
property, goods, or services.
(b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this subsection (10), "telephone solicitation" does
not include communications:
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(I) To any residential subscriber or wireless telephone service subscriber with the
subscriber's prior express invitation or permission;
(II) By or on behalf of any person or entity with whom a residential subscriber or
wireless telephone service subscriber has an established business relationship;
(III) For thirty days after a residential subscriber or wireless telephone service subscriber
has contacted a business to inquire about the potential purchase of goods or services or until the
subscriber requests that no further calls be made, whichever occurs first;
(IV) By or on behalf of a charitable organization that is required to comply and that has
complied with the notice and reporting requirements of section 6-16-104 or is excluded from
such notice and reporting requirements by section 6-16-104 (6);
(V) Made for the sole purpose of urging support for or opposition to a political candidate
or ballot issue; or
(VI) Made for the sole purpose of conducting political polls or soliciting the expression
of opinions, ideas, or votes.
(c) "Telephone solicitation" includes any communication described in paragraph (a) of
this subsection (10), whether such communication originates from a live operator, through the
use of automatic dialing and recorded message equipment, or by other means.
(11) "Wireless telephone" means a telephone that operates without a physical, wireline
connection to the provider's equipment. The term includes, without limitation, cellular and
mobile telephones.
(12) "Wireless telephone service subscriber" means a person who has subscribed to a
telephone service that does not employ a wireline telephone or that employs both wireline and
wireless telephones on the same customer account.
Source: L. 2001: Entire part added, p. 1455, § 1, effective August 8. L. 2003: (2),
(7)(a)(I), (10)(a), (10)(b)(I), (10)(b)(II), and (10)(b)(III) amended and (11) and (12) added, p.
771, § 1, effective March 25. L. 2004: (7)(b) amended, p. 1188, § 7, effective August 4. L. 2008:
(10)(b)(IV) amended, p. 1879, § 7, effective August 5.
Cross references: For the "Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act", see Pub.L. 106-102, 113 Stat.
1338.
6-1-904. Unlawful to make telephone solicitations to subscribers on the Colorado
no-call list - requirements for telephone solicitations generally. (1) (a) No person or entity
shall make or cause to be made any telephone solicitation to the telephone of any residential
subscriber or wireless telephone service subscriber in this state who has added his or her
telephone number and zip code to the Colorado no-call list in accordance with rules promulgated
under section 6-1-905.
(b) Any person or entity that makes a telephone solicitation to the telephone of any
residential subscriber or wireless telephone service subscriber in this state shall register in
accordance with the provisions of section 6-1-905 (3)(b)(II).
(2) Repealed.
(3) No person or entity that makes a telephone solicitation to the telephone of a
residential subscriber or a wireless telephone service subscriber in this state shall knowingly
utilize any method to block or otherwise circumvent such subscriber's use of a caller
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identification service when that person or entity's service or equipment is capable of allowing the
display of the number.
(4) Persons or entities desiring to make telephone solicitations shall update their copies
of the Colorado no-call list, conforming consolidated no-call list, or a list obtained from a
conforming list broker within thirty days after the beginning of every calendar quarter, on or
after July 1, 2002, or upon the initial availability and accessibility of the Colorado no-call list,
whichever is earlier.
Source: L. 2001: Entire part added, p. 1457, § 1, effective August 8. L. 2003: (1), (2),
and (3) amended, p. 772, § 2, effective March 25. L. 2007: (2) repealed, p. 2018, § 6, effective
June 1.
6-1-905. Establishment and operation of a Colorado no-call list. (1) The Colorado
no-call list program is hereby created for the purpose of establishing a database to use when
verifying residential subscribers and wireless telephone service subscribers in this state who
have given notice, in accordance with rules promulgated under paragraph (b) of subsection (3) of
this section, of such subscribers' objection to receiving telephone solicitations. The program shall
be administered by the public utilities commission.
(2) Not later than January 1, 2002, the public utilities commission shall contract with a
designated agent, which shall maintain the website and database containing the Colorado no-call
list. If no more than one entity bids on the contract, the public utilities commission may award,
at its discretion, such contract.
(3) (a) Not later than July 1, 2002, the designated agent, using the designated state
internet website, shall develop and maintain the Colorado no-call list database with information
provided by residential subscribers and, as soon as practicable after March 25, 2003, shall
include information provided by wireless telephone service subscribers.
(b) The public utilities commission shall establish, by rule, guidelines for the designated
agent for the development and maintenance of the Colorado no-call list so that the no-call list
can easily be accessed by persons or entities desiring to make telephone solicitations, and by
state and local law enforcement agencies. As soon as practicable after March 25, 2003, the
public utilities commission shall promulgate rules that:
(I) Specify that there shall be no cost for a residential subscriber or wireless telephone
service subscriber to provide notification to the designated agent that such subscriber objects to
receiving telephone solicitations;
(II) Specify that there shall be an annual registration fee of not more than five hundred
dollars for persons or entities that wish to make telephone solicitations or otherwise access the
database of telephone numbers and zip codes contained in the Colorado no-call list database. The
public utilities commission shall determine such fee on a sliding scale so that persons or entities
with fewer than five employees shall pay no fee. In addition, there shall be no fee charged to
conforming list brokers or nonprofit corporations, as defined in section 7-121-401 (26), C.R.S.
The maximum fee shall be charged only to persons or entities with more than one thousand
employees. Moneys collected from such fees shall cover the direct and indirect costs related to
the creation and operation of the Colorado no-call list. Moneys from such fees shall be collected
by and paid directly to the designated agent. The public utilities commission shall have the
authority to annually adjust the fees below the stated maximum based on revenue history of the
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fees received by the designated agent. The designated agent shall provide means for online
registration and credit card payment of fees charged pursuant to this subparagraph (II). Each
such person or entity shall provide a current business name, business address, e-mail address if
available, and telephone number when initially registering for the no-call list. This information
shall be updated when changes occur.
(III) Specify that the method by which each residential subscriber and wireless telephone
service subscriber may give notice to the designated agent of his or her objection to receiving
such solicitations, or may revoke such notice, shall be exclusively by entering the area code,
phone number, and zip code of the subscriber directly into the database via the designated state
internet website or by using a touch-tone phone to enter the area code, phone number, and zip
code of the subscriber via a designated statewide, toll-free telephone number maintained by the
designated agent as a part of the Colorado no-call list;
(IV) Specify that the date of every notice received in accordance with subparagraph (III)
of this paragraph (b) be recorded and included as part of the information in the no-call list;
(V) Require the designated agent to provide updated information about the Colorado nocall list program on the designated state website, subject to supervision by the public utilities
commission;
(VI) Prohibit the designated agent or any person or entity collecting information to be
transmitted to the designated agent from making any use or distribution of subscriber
information contained in the no-call list except as expressly authorized under this part 9;
(VII) Specify the methods by which additions, deletions, changes, and modifications
shall be made to the Colorado no-call list database and how updates of the database shall be
made available to persons or entities desiring such updates. Such methods shall include
provisions to remove from the Colorado no-call list, on at least an annual basis, any telephone
number that has been disconnected or reassigned.
(VIII) Require the designated agent to maintain an automated, online complaint system
for residential subscribers and wireless telephone service subscribers to report suspected
violations over the internet website. The automated, online complaint system shall have the
capability to collect, sort, and report suspected violations to the appropriate state enforcement
agency electronically for enforcement purposes.
(IX) Specify that the no-call list shall be available on line at the Colorado no-call list
website to a person or entity desiring to make telephone solicitations if the person or entity has
registered in accordance with the provisions of subparagraph (II) of this paragraph (b). The list
shall be available in a text or other compatible format, at the discretion of the public utilities
commission, but shall allow telephone solicitors to select and sort by specific zip codes and
telephone area codes. Telephone solicitors and conforming list brokers shall not receive
additional compensation for distributing the Colorado no-call list, but are encouraged to freely
distribute the Colorado no-call list at no cost.
(X) Specify such other matters relating to the database as the public utilities commission
deems necessary or desirable.
(c) If the federal government establishes one or more official databases of residential or
wireless telephone service subscribers who object to receiving telephone solicitations, the
designated agent is authorized to provide appropriate data from the official Colorado no-call list
exclusively for inclusion in an official, national do-not-call database. To the extent allowed by
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federal law, the designated agent shall ensure that the Colorado no-call list includes that portion
of an official national do-not-call database that relates to Colorado.
(4) The state shall not be liable to any person for gathering, managing, or using
information in the Colorado no-call list database pursuant to this part 9 and for enforcing the
provisions of this part 9.
(5) The designated agent shall not be liable to any person for performing its duties under
this part 9 unless, and only to the extent that, the designated agent commits a willful and wanton
act or omission.
(6) As soon as practicable after March 25, 2003, the designated agent shall update the
database, on an ongoing basis, with information provided by residential subscribers, wireless
telephone service subscribers, and local exchange providers.
(7) No person shall place the telephone number of another person on the Colorado nocall list without the authorization of the person to whom the number is assigned.
(8) Repealed.
Source: L. 2001: Entire part added, p. 1457, § 1, effective August 8. L. 2003: (1), (3)(a),
IP(3)(b), (3)(b)(I), (3)(b)(III), (3)(b)(VIII), (3)(c), and (6) amended, p. 773, § 3, effective March
25. L. 2004: (8) repealed, p. 585, § 1, effective August 4.
6-1-906. Enforcement - penalties - defenses. (1) On and after July 1, 2002, violation of
any provision of this part 9 constitutes a deceptive trade practice under the provisions of section
6-1-105 (1) and may be enforced under sections 6-1-110, 6-1-112, and 6-1-113. No state
enforcement action under this part 9 may be brought against a person or entity for fewer than
three violations per month.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1) of this section, it shall not be a violation of this part 9
if:
(a) The person or entity has otherwise fully complied with the provisions of this part 9
and has established and implemented, prior to the violation, written practices and procedures to
effectively prevent telephone solicitations in violation of this part 9; or
(b) The violation resulted from an error in transcription or other technical defect, not the
fault of the person or entity, that caused the information in the no-call list as received by the
person or entity to differ from the information that was or should have been included in the nocall list as transmitted by the designated agent.
(3) The remedies, duties, prohibitions, and penalties of this section are not exclusive and
are in addition to all other causes of action, remedies, and penalties provided by law.
(4) No provider of telephone caller identification service shall be held liable for
violations of this part 9 committed by other persons or entities.
Source: L. 2001: Entire part added, p. 1460, § 1, effective August 8.
6-1-907. Acceptance of gifts, grants, and donations. The public utilities commission
may accept and expend moneys from gifts, grants, and donations for purposes of administering
the provisions of this part 9.
Source: L. 2001: Entire part added, p. 1460, § 1, effective August 8.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 92 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-1-908. Severability. If any provision of this part 9 or the application thereof to any
person or circumstances is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or
applications of this part 9 which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application,
and to this end the provisions of this part 9 are declared to be severable.
Source: L. 2001: Entire part added, p. 1460, § 1, effective August 8.
PART 10
RESTRICTIONS ON USE OF LOAN INFORMATION - SOLICITATIONS
6-1-1001. Restrictions on use of loan information for solicitations - definition. (1) A
person shall not reference the trade name or trademark of a lender or a trade name or trademark
confusingly similar to that of a lender in a solicitation for the offering of services or products
without the consent of the lender unless the solicitation clearly and conspicuously states in boldfaced type on the front page of the correspondence containing the solicitation:
(a) The name, address, and telephone number of the person making the solicitation;
(b) That the person making the solicitation is not affiliated with the lender;
(c) That the solicitation is not authorized or sponsored by the lender; and
(d) That the loan information referenced was not provided by the lender.
(2) A person shall not reference a loan number, loan amount, or other specific loan
information that is not publicly available in a solicitation for the purchase of services or
products; except that this prohibition shall not apply to communications by a lender or its
affiliates with a current customer of the lender or with a person who was a customer of the
lender.
(3) (a) A person shall not reference a loan number, loan amount, or other specific loan
information that is publicly available in a solicitation for the purchase of services or products
unless the communication clearly and conspicuously states in bold-faced type on the front page
of the correspondence containing the solicitation:
(I) The name, address, and telephone number of the person making the solicitation;
(II) That the person making the solicitation is not affiliated with the lender;
(III) That the solicitation is not authorized or sponsored by the lender; and
(IV) That the loan information referenced was not provided by the lender.
(b) The prohibition in paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) shall not apply to
communications by a lender or its affiliates with a current customer of the lender or with a
person who was a customer of the lender.
(4) Any reference to an existing lender without the consent of the lender, and any
reference to a loan number, loan amount, or other specific loan information, appearing on the
outside of an envelope, visible through the envelope window, or on a postcard, in connection
with any written communication that includes or contains a solicitation for goods or services is
prohibited.
(5) It is not a violation of this section for a person to use the trade name of another
lender in an advertisement for services or products to compare the services or products offered
by the other lender.
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(6) A lender or owner of a trade name or trademark may seek an injunction against a
person who violates this section to stop the unlawful use of the trade name, trademark, or loan
information. The person seeking the injunction shall not have to prove actual damage as a result
of the violation. Irreparable harm and interim harm to the lender or owner shall be presumed.
The lender or owner seeking the injunction may seek to recover actual damages and any profits
the defendant has accrued as a result of the violation. The prevailing party in any action brought
pursuant to this section is entitled to recover costs associated with the action and reasonable
attorney fees from the other party.
(7) For the purposes of this section, "lender" means a bank, savings and loan association,
savings bank, credit union, finance company, mortgage bank, mortgage broker, loan originator
or holder of the loan, or other person who makes loans in this state, and any affiliate thereof, or
any third party operating with the consent of the lender. For the purposes of this section, a person
is not a lender based on the person's former employment with a lender.
(8) Nothing in this section shall apply to title insurance.
Source: L. 2004: Entire part added, p. 1533, § 1, effective August 4. L. 2013: (7)
amended, (SB 13-154), ch. 282, p. 1468, § 22, effective July 1.
PART 11
COLORADO FORECLOSURE PROTECTION ACT
SUBPART 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
6-1-1101. Short title. This part 11 shall be known and may be cited as the "Colorado
Foreclosure Protection Act".
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1330, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1102. Legislative declaration. The general assembly hereby finds, determines, and
declares that home ownership and the accumulation of equity in one's home provide significant
social and economic benefits to the state and its citizens. Unfortunately, too many home owners
in financial distress, especially the poor, elderly, and financially unsophisticated, are vulnerable
to a variety of deceptive or unconscionable business practices designed to dispossess them or
otherwise strip the equity from their homes. There is a compelling need to curtail and to prevent
the most deceptive and unconscionable of these business practices, to provide each home owner
with information necessary to make an informed and intelligent decision regarding transactions
with certain foreclosure consultants and equity purchasers, to provide certain minimum
requirements for contracts between such parties, including statutory rights to cancel such
contracts, and to ensure and foster fair dealing in the sale and purchase of homes in foreclosure.
Therefore, it is the intent of the general assembly that all violations of this part 11 have a
significant public impact and that the terms of this part 11 be liberally construed to achieve these
purposes.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 94 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1330, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1103. Definitions. As used in this part 11, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Associate" means a partner, subsidiary, affiliate, agent, or any other person working
in association with a foreclosure consultant or an equity purchaser. "Associate" does not include
a person who is excluded from the definition of an "equity purchaser" or a "foreclosure
consultant".
(2) "Equity purchaser" means a person, other than a person who acquires a property for
the purpose of using such property as his or her personal residence, who acquires title to a
residence in foreclosure; except that the term does not include a person who acquires such title:
(a) (Deleted by amendment, L. 2010, (HB 10-1133), ch. 350, p. 1615, § 1, effective
January 1, 2011.)
(b) By a deed in lieu of foreclosure to the holder of an evidence of debt, or an associate
of the holder of an evidence of debt, of a consensual lien or encumbrance of record if such
consensual lien or encumbrance is recorded in the real property records of the clerk and recorder
of the county where the residence in foreclosure is located prior to the recording of the notice of
election and demand for sale required under section 38-38-101, C.R.S.;
(c) By a deed from the public trustee or a county sheriff as a result of a foreclosure sale
conducted pursuant to article 38 of title 38, C.R.S.;
(d) At a sale of property authorized by statute;
(e) By order or judgment of any court;
(f) From the person's spouse, relative, or relative of a spouse, by the half or whole blood
or by adoption, or from a guardian, conservator, or personal representative of a person identified
in this paragraph (f);
(g) While performing services as a part of a person's normal business activities under
any law of this state or the United States that regulates banks, trust companies, savings and loan
associations, credit unions, insurance companies, title insurers, insurance producers, or escrow
companies authorized to conduct business in the state, an affiliate or subsidiary of such person,
or an employee or agent acting on behalf of such person; or
(h) As a result of a short sale transaction in which a short sale addendum form, as
promulgated by the Colorado real estate commission, is part of the contract used to acquire a
residence in foreclosure and such transaction complies with section 6-1-1121.
(3) "Evidence of debt" means a writing that evidences a promise to pay or a right to the
payment of a monetary obligation, such as a promissory note, bond, negotiable instrument, a
loan, credit, or similar agreement, or a monetary judgment entered by a court of competent
jurisdiction.
(4) (a) "Foreclosure consultant" means a person who does not, directly or through an
associate, take or acquire any interest in or title to a homeowner's property and who, in the
course of such person's business, vocation, or occupation, makes a solicitation, representation, or
offer to a home owner to perform, in exchange for compensation from the home owner or from
the proceeds of any loan or advance of funds, a service that the person represents will do any of
the following:
(I) Stop or postpone a foreclosure sale;
(II) Obtain a forbearance from a beneficiary under a deed of trust, mortgage, or other
lien;
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(III) Assist the home owner in exercising a right to cure a default as provided in article
38 of title 38, C.R.S.;
(IV) Obtain an extension of the period within which the home owner may cure a default
as provided in article 38 of title 38, C.R.S.;
(V) Obtain a waiver of an acceleration clause contained in an evidence of debt secured
by a deed of trust, mortgage, or other lien on a residence in foreclosure or contained in such deed
of trust, mortgage, or other lien;
(VI) Assist the home owner to obtain a loan or advance of funds;
(VII) Avoid or reduce the impairment of the home owner's credit resulting from the
recording of a notice of election and demand for sale, commencement of a judicial foreclosure
action, or due to any foreclosure sale or the granting of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or resulting
from any late payment or other failure to pay or perform under the evidence of debt, the deed of
trust, or other lien securing such evidence of debt;
(VIII) In any way delay, hinder, or prevent the foreclosure upon the home owner's
residence; or
(IX) Repealed.
(b) The term "foreclosure consultant" does not include:
(I) A person licensed to practice law in this state, while performing any activity related
to the person's attorney-client relationship with a home owner or any activity related to the
person's attorney-client relationship with the beneficiary, mortgagee, grantee, or holder of any
lien being enforced by way of foreclosure;
(II) A holder or servicer of an evidence of debt or the attorney for the holder or servicer
of an evidence of debt secured by a deed of trust or other lien on any residence in foreclosure
while the person performs services in connection with the evidence of debt, lien, deed of trust, or
other lien securing such debt;
(III) A person doing business under any law of this state or the United States, which law
regulates banks, trust companies, savings and loan associations, credit unions, insurance
companies, title insurers, insurance producers, or escrow companies authorized to conduct
business in the state, while the person performs services as part of the person's normal business
activities, an affiliate or subsidiary of any of the foregoing, or an employee or agent acting on
behalf of any of the foregoing;
(IV) A person originating or closing a loan in a person's normal course of business if, as
to that loan:
(A) The loan is subject to the requirements of the federal "Real Estate Settlement
Procedures Act of 1974", as amended, 12 U.S.C. sec. 2601 to 2617; or
(B) With respect to any second mortgage or home equity line of credit, the loan is
subordinate to and closed simultaneously with a qualified first mortgage loan under subsubparagraph (A) of this subparagraph (IV) or is initially payable on the face of the note or
contract to an entity included in subparagraph (III) of this paragraph (b);
(V) A judgment creditor of the home owner, if the judgment is recorded in the real
property records of the clerk and recorder of the county where the residence in foreclosure is
located and the legal action giving rise to the judgment was commenced before the notice of
election and demand for sale required under section 38-38-101, C.R.S.;
(VI) A title insurance company or title insurance agent authorized to conduct business in
this state, while performing title insurance and settlement services;
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(VII) A person licensed as a real estate broker under article 61 of title 12, C.R.S., while
the person engages in any activity for which the person is licensed; or
(VIII) A nonprofit organization that solely offers counseling or advice to home owners
in foreclosure or loan default, unless the organization is an associate of the foreclosure
consultant.
(5) "Foreclosure consulting contract" means any agreement between a foreclosure
consultant and a home owner.
(6) "Holder of evidence of debt" means the person in actual possession of or otherwise
entitled to enforce an evidence of debt; except that "holder of evidence of debt" does not include
a person acting as a nominee solely for the purpose of holding the evidence of debt or deed of
trust as an electronic registry without any authority to enforce the evidence of debt or deed of
trust. The following persons are presumed to be the holder of evidence of debt:
(a) The person who is the obligee of and who is in possession of an original evidence of
debt;
(b) The person in possession of an original evidence of debt together with the proper
indorsement or assignment thereof to such person in accordance with section 38-38-101 (6),
C.R.S.;
(c) The person in possession of a negotiable instrument evidencing a debt, which has
been duly negotiated to such person or to bearer or indorsed in blank; or
(d) The person in possession of an evidence of debt with authority, which may be
granted by the original evidence of debt or deed of trust, to enforce the evidence of debt as agent,
nominee, or trustee or in a similar capacity for the obligee of the evidence of debt.
(7) "Home owner" means the owner of a dwelling who occupies it as his or her principal
place of residence, including a vendee under a contract for deed to real property, as that term is
defined in section 38-35-126 (1)(b), C.R.S.
(8) (a) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection (8), "residence in
foreclosure" means a residence or dwelling, as defined in sections 5-1-201 and 5-1-301, C.R.S.,
that is occupied as the home owner's principal place of residence and that is encumbered by a
residential mortgage loan that is at least thirty days delinquent or in default.
(b) With respect to subpart 3 of this part 11, "residence in foreclosure" means a
residence or dwelling, as defined in sections 5-1-201 and 5-1-301, C.R.S., that is occupied as the
home owner's principal place of residence, is encumbered by a residential mortgage loan, and
against which a foreclosure action has been commenced or as to which an equity purchaser
otherwise has actual or constructive knowledge that the loan is at least thirty days delinquent or
in default.
(9) "Short sale" or "short sale transaction" means a transaction in which the residence in
foreclosure is sold when:
(a) A holder of evidence of debt agrees to release its lien for an amount that is less than
the outstanding amount due and owing under such evidence of debt; and
(b) The lien described in paragraph (a) of this subsection (9) is recorded in the real
property records of the county where the residence in foreclosure is located.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1331, § 1, effective May 30. L. 2007:
(4)(b)(IV)(A) amended, p. 2018, § 7, effective June 1. L. 2008: (4)(b)(VII) amended, p. 511, §
29, effective April 17. L. 2009: (8) amended, (HB 09-1109), ch. 39, p. 154, § 1, effective July 1.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 97 of 210 Uncertified Printout
L. 2010: IP(2), (2)(a), IP(4)(a), (7), and (8) amended and (2)(h) and (9) added, (HB 10-1133),
ch. 350, pp. 1615, 1616, §§ 1, 2, effective January 1, 2011. L. 2016: (4)(a)(IX) repealed, (HB
16-1090), ch. 97, p. 277, § 3, effective August 10.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration in HB 16-1090, see section 1 of chapter
97, Session Laws of Colorado 2016.
SUBPART 2
FORECLOSURE CONSULTANTS
6-1-1104. Foreclosure consulting contract. (1) A foreclosure consulting contract shall
be in writing and provided to and retained by the home owner, without changes, alterations, or
modifications, for review at least twenty-four hours before it is signed by the home owner.
(2) A foreclosure consulting contract shall be printed in at least twelve-point type and
shall include the name and address of the foreclosure consultant to which a notice of cancellation
can be mailed and the date the home owner signed the contract.
(3) A foreclosure consulting contract shall fully disclose the exact nature of the
foreclosure consulting services to be provided and the total amount and terms of any
compensation to be received by the foreclosure consultant or associate.
(4) A foreclosure consulting contract shall be dated and personally signed, with each
page being initialed, by each home owner and the foreclosure consultant and shall be
acknowledged by a notary public in the presence of the home owner at the time the contract is
signed by the home owner.
(5) A foreclosure consulting contract shall contain the following notice, which shall be
printed in at least fourteen-point bold-faced type, completed with the name of the foreclosure
consultant, and located in immediate proximity to the space reserved for the home owner's
signature:
Notice Required by Colorado Law
_______ (Name) or (his/her/its) associate cannot ask you to sign or have you sign any
document that transfers any interest in your home or property to (him/her/it) or
(his/her/its) associate.
_______ (Name) or (his/her/its) associate cannot guarantee you that they will be able to
refinance your home or arrange for you to keep your home.
You may, at any time, cancel this contract, without penalty of any kind.
If you want to cancel this contract, mail or deliver a signed and dated copy of this notice of
cancellation, or any other written notice, indicating your intent to cancel to
________________ (name and address of foreclosure consultant) at
______________________ (address of foreclosure consultant, including facsimile and
electronic mail address).
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As part of any cancellation, you (the home owner) must repay any money actually spent on
your behalf by _____________________ (name of foreclosure consultant) prior to receipt of
this notice and as a result of this agreement, within sixty days, along with interest at the
prime rate published by the federal reserve plus two percentage points, with the total
interest rate not to exceed eight percent per year.
This is an important legal contract and could result in the loss of your home. Contact an
attorney or a housing counselor approved by the federal department of housing and urban
development before signing.
(6) A completed form in duplicate, captioned "Notice of Cancellation" shall accompany
the foreclosure consulting contract. The notice of cancellation shall:
(a) Be on a separate sheet of paper attached to the contract;
(b) Be easily detachable; and
(c) Contain the following statement, printed in at least fourteen-point type:
Notice of Cancellation
(Date of contract)
To: (name of foreclosure consultant)
(Address of foreclosure consultant, including facsimile and electronic mail)
I hereby cancel this contract.
__________________ (Date)
__________________ (Home owner's signature)
(7) The foreclosure consultant shall provide to the home owner a signed, dated, and
acknowledged copy of the foreclosure consulting contract and the attached notice of cancellation
immediately upon execution of the contract.
(8) The time during which the home owner may cancel the foreclosure consulting
contract does not begin to run until the foreclosure consultant has complied with this section.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1334, § 1, effective May 30. L. 2010: (4)
amended, (HB 10-1133), ch. 350, p. 1616, § 3, effective January 1, 2011.
6-1-1105. Right of cancellation. (1) In addition to any right of rescission available
under state or federal law, the home owner has the right to cancel a foreclosure consulting
contract at any time.
(2) Cancellation occurs when the home owner gives written notice of cancellation of the
foreclosure consulting contract to the foreclosure consultant at the address specified in the
contract or through any facsimile or electronic mail address identified in the contract or other
materials provided to the home owner by the foreclosure consultant.
(3) Notice of cancellation, if given by mail, is effective when deposited in the United
States mail, properly addressed, with postage prepaid.
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(4) Notice of cancellation need not be in the form provided with the contract and is
effective, however expressed, if it indicates the intention of the home owner to cancel the
foreclosure consulting contract.
(5) As part of the cancellation of a foreclosure consulting contract, the home owner shall
repay, within sixty days after the date of cancellation, all funds paid or advanced in good faith
prior to the receipt of notice of cancellation by the foreclosure consultant or associate under the
terms of the foreclosure consulting contract, together with interest at the prime rate published by
the federal reserve plus two percentage points, with the total interest rate not to exceed eight
percent per year, from the date of expenditure until repaid by the home owner.
(6) The right to cancel may not be conditioned on the repayment of any funds.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1336, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1106. Waiver of rights - void. (1) A provision in a foreclosure consulting contract
is void as against public policy if the provision attempts or purports to:
(a) Waive any of the rights specified in this subpart 2 or the right to a jury trial;
(b) Consent to jurisdiction for litigation or choice of law in a state other than Colorado;
(c) Consent to venue in a county other than the county in which the property is located;
or
(d) Impose any costs or fees greater than the actual costs and fees.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1337, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1107. Prohibited acts. (1) A foreclosure consultant may not:
(a) Claim, demand, charge, collect, or receive any compensation until after the
foreclosure consultant has fully performed each and every service the foreclosure consultant
contracted to perform or represented that the foreclosure consultant would perform;
(b) Claim, demand, charge, collect, or receive any interest or any other compensation for
a loan that the foreclosure consultant makes to the home owner that exceeds the prime rate
published by the federal reserve at the time of any loan plus two percentage points, with the total
interest rate not to exceed eight percent per year;
(c) Take a wage assignment, lien of any type on real or personal property, or other
security to secure the payment of compensation;
(d) Receive any consideration from a third party in connection with foreclosure
consulting services provided to a home owner unless the consideration is first fully disclosed in
writing to the home owner;
(e) Acquire an interest, directly, indirectly, or through an associate, in the real or
personal property of a home owner with whom the foreclosure consultant has contracted;
(f) Obtain a power of attorney from a home owner for any purpose other than to inspect
documents as provided by law; or
(g) Induce or attempt to induce a home owner to enter into a foreclosure consulting
contract that does not comply in all respects with this subpart 2.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1337, § 1, effective May 30.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 100 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-1-1108. Criminal penalties. A person who violates section 6-1-1107 is guilty of a
misdemeanor, as defined in section 18-1.3-504, C.R.S., and shall be subject to imprisonment in
county jail for up to one year, a fine of up to twenty-five thousand dollars, or both.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1338, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1109. Unconscionability. (1) A foreclosure consultant or
associate may not facilitate or engage in any transaction that is unconscionable given the
terms and circumstances of the transaction.
(2) (a) If a court, as a matter of law, finds a foreclosure consultant contract or any
clause of such contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made, the court may
refuse to enforce the contract, enforce the remainder of the contract without the
unconscionable clause, or so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid
an unconscionable result.
(b) When it is claimed or appears to the court that a foreclosure consultant contract
or any clause of such contract may be unconscionable, the parties shall be afforded a
reasonable opportunity to present evidence as to its commercial setting, purpose, and
effect, to aid the court in making the determination.
(c) In order to support a finding of unconscionability, there must be evidence of
some bad faith overreaching on the part of the foreclosure consultant or associate such as
that which results from an unreasonable inequality of bargaining power or other
circumstances in which there is an absence of meaningful choice for one of the parties,
together with contract terms that are, under standard industry practices, unreasonably
favorable to the foreclosure consultant or associate.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1338, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1110. Language. A foreclosure consulting contract, and all notices of cancellation
provided for therein, shall be written in English and shall be accompanied by a written
translation from English into any other language principally spoken by the home owner, certified
by the person making the translation as a true and correct translation of the English version. The
translated version shall be presumed to have equal status and credibility as the English version.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1338, § 1, effective May 30.
SUBPART 3
EQUITY PURCHASERS
6-1-1111. Written contract required. Every contract shall be written in at least ninepoint, legible type and fully completed, signed, and dated by the home owner and equity
purchaser prior to the execution of any instrument quit-claiming, assigning, transferring,
conveying, or encumbering an interest in the residence in foreclosure.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 101 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1338, § 1, effective May 30. L. 2010: Entire
section amended, (HB 10-1133), ch. 350, p. 1616, § 4, effective January 1, 2011.
6-1-1112. Written contract - contents - notice. (1) Every contract shall contain the
entire agreement of the parties and shall include the following terms:
(a) The name, business address, and telephone number of the equity purchaser;
(b) The street address and full legal description of the residence in foreclosure;
(c) Clear and conspicuous disclosure of any financial or legal obligations of the home
owner that will be assumed by the equity purchaser. If the equity purchaser will not be assuming
any financial or legal obligations of the home owner, the equity purchaser shall provide to the
home owner a separate written disclosure that substantially complies with section 18-5-802 (6),
C.R.S.
(d) The total consideration to be paid by the equity purchaser in connection with or
incident to the acquisition by the equity purchaser of the residence in foreclosure;
(e) The terms of payment or other consideration, including, but not limited to, any
services of any nature that the equity purchaser represents will be performed for the home owner
before or after the sale;
(f) The date and time when possession of the residence in foreclosure is to be transferred
to the equity purchaser;
(g) The terms of any rental agreement or lease;
(h) The specifications of any option or right to repurchase the residence in foreclosure,
including the specific amounts of any escrow deposit, down payment, purchase price, closing
costs, commissions, or other fees or costs;
(i) A notice of cancellation as provided in section 6-1-1114; and
(j) The following notice, in at least nine-point bold-faced type, and completed with the
name of the equity purchaser, immediately above the statement required by section 6-1-1114:
NOTICE REQUIRED BY COLORADO LAW
Until your right to cancel this contract has ended, (Name) or anyone working for
(Name) CANNOT ask you to sign or have you sign any deed or any other document.
(2) The contract required by this section survives delivery of any instrument of
conveyance of the residence in foreclosure, but does not have any effect on persons other than
the parties to the contract or affect title to the residence in foreclosure.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1339, § 1, effective May 30. L. 2010: IP(1)(j)
amended, (HB 10-1133), ch. 350, p. 1617, § 5, effective January 1, 2011.
6-1-1113. Cancellation. (1) In addition to any right of rescission available under state
or federal law, the home owner has the right to cancel a contract with an equity purchaser until
12 midnight of the third business day following the day on which the home owner signs a
contract that complies with this part 11 or until 12 noon on the day before the foreclosure sale of
the residence in foreclosure, whichever occurs first.
(2) Cancellation occurs when the home owner personally delivers written notice of
cancellation to the address specified in the contract or upon deposit of such notice in the United
States mail, properly addressed, with postage prepaid.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 102 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(3) A notice of cancellation given by the home owner need not take the particular form
as provided with the contract and, however expressed, is effective if it indicates the intention of
the home owner not to be bound by the contract.
(4) In the absence of any written notice of cancellation from the home owner, the
execution by the home owner of a deed or other instrument of conveyance of an interest in the
residence in foreclosure to the equity purchaser after the expiration of the rescission period
creates a rebuttable presumption that the home owner did not cancel the contract with the equity
purchaser.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1340, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1114. Notice of cancellation. (1) (a) The contract shall contain, as the last
provision before the space reserved for the home owner's signature, a conspicuous statement in
at least twelve-point bold-faced type, as follows:
You may cancel this contract for the sale of your house without any penalty or obligation at
any time before (Date and time of day). See the attached notice of cancellation
form for an explanation of this right.
(b) The equity purchaser shall accurately specify the date and time of day on which the
cancellation right ends.
(2) The contract shall be accompanied by duplicate completed forms, captioned "notice
of cancellation" in at least nine-point bold-faced type if the contract is printed or in capital letters
if the contract is typed, followed by a space in which the equity purchaser shall enter the date on
which the home owner executed the contract. Such form shall:
(a) Be attached to the contract;
(b) Be easily detachable; and
(c) Contain the following statement, in at least nine-point type if the contract is printed
or in capital letters if the contract is typed:
NOTICE OF CANCELLATION
(Enter date contract signed). You may cancel this contract for the sale of your house,
without any penalty or obligation, at any time before (Enter date and time of day). To
cancel this transaction, personally deliver a signed and dated copy of this Notice of Cancellation
in the United States mail, postage prepaid, to , (Name of purchaser) at
(Street address of purchaser's place of business) NOT LATER THAN
(Enter date and time of day). I hereby cancel this transaction (Date)
(Seller's signature)
(3) The equity purchaser shall provide the home owner with a copy of the contract and
the attached notice of cancellation.
(4) Until the equity purchaser has complied with this section, the home owner may
cancel the contract.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1340, § 1, effective May 30. L. 2010: IP(2) and
IP(2)(c) amended, (HB 10-1133), ch. 350, p. 1617, § 6, effective January 1, 2011.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 103 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-1-1115. Options through reconveyances. (1) A transaction in which a home owner
purports to grant a residence in foreclosure to an equity purchaser by an instrument that appears
to be an absolute conveyance and reserves to the home owner or is given by the equity purchaser
an option to repurchase shall be permitted only where all of the following conditions have been
met:
(a) The reconveyance contract complies in all respects with section 6-1-1112;
(b) The reconveyance contract provides the home owner with a nonwaivable thirty-day
right to cure any default of said reconveyance contract and specifies that the home owner may
exercise this right to cure on at least three separate occasions during such reconveyance contract;
(c) The equity purchaser fully assumes or discharges the lien in foreclosure as well as
any prior liens that will not be extinguished by such foreclosure, which assumption or discharge
shall be accomplished without violation of the terms and conditions of the liens being assumed
or discharged;
(d) The equity purchaser verifies and can demonstrate that the home owner has or will
have a reasonable ability to make the lease payments and to repurchase the residence in
foreclosure within the term of the option to repurchase under the reconveyance contract. For
purposes of this section, there is a rebuttable presumption that the home owner has a reasonable
ability to make lease payments and to repurchase the residence in foreclosure if the home
owner's payments for primary housing expenses and regular principal and interest payments on
other personal debt do not exceed sixty percent of the home owner's monthly gross income; and
(e) The price the home owner must pay to exercise the option to repurchase the residence
in foreclosure is not unconscionable. Without limitation on available claims under section 6-1-
1119, a repurchase price exceeding twenty-five percent of the price at which the equity
purchaser acquired the residence in foreclosure creates a rebuttable presumption that the
reconveyance contract is unconscionable. The acquisition price paid by the equity purchaser may
include any actual costs incurred by the equity purchaser in acquiring the residence in
foreclosure.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1341, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1116. Waiver of rights - void. (1) A provision in a contract between an equity
purchaser and home owner is void as against public policy if it attempts or purports to:
(a) Waive any of the rights specified in this subpart 3 or the right to a jury trial;
(b) Consent to jurisdiction for litigation or choice of law in a state other than Colorado;
(c) Consent to venue in a county other than the county in which the property is located;
or
(d) Impose any costs or fees greater than the actual costs and fees.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1342, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1117. Prohibited conduct. (1) The contract provisions required by sections 6-1-
1111 to 6-1-1114 shall be provided and completed in conformity with such sections by the
equity purchaser.
(2) Until the time within which the home owner may cancel the transaction has fully
elapsed, the equity purchaser shall not do any of the following:
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 104 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(a) Accept from a home owner an execution of, or induce a home owner to execute, an
instrument of conveyance of any interest in the residence in foreclosure;
(b) Record with the county recorder any document, including, but not limited to, the
contract or any lease, lien, or instrument of conveyance, that has been signed by the home
owner;
(c) Transfer or encumber or purport to transfer or encumber an interest in the residence
in foreclosure to a third party; or
(d) Pay the home owner any consideration.
(3) Within ten days following receipt of a notice of cancellation given in accordance
with sections 6-1-1113 and 6-1-1114, the equity purchaser shall return without condition the
original contract and any other documents signed by the home owner.
(4) An equity purchaser shall make no untrue or misleading statements of material fact
regarding the value of the residence in foreclosure, the amount of proceeds the home owner will
receive after a foreclosure sale, any contract term, the home owner's rights or obligations
incident to or arising out of the sale transaction, the nature of any document that the equity
purchaser induces the home owner to sign, or any other untrue or misleading statement
concerning the sale of the residence in foreclosure to the equity purchaser.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1342, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1118. Criminal penalties. A person who violates section 6-1-1117 (2) or (3) or who
intentionally violates section 6-1-1117 (4) is guilty of a misdemeanor, as defined in section 18-
1.3-504, C.R.S., and shall be subject to imprisonment in county jail for up to one year, a fine of
up to twenty-five thousand dollars, or both.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1343, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1119. Unconscionability. (1) An equity purchaser or
associate may not facilitate or engage in any transaction that is unconscionable given the
terms and circumstances of the transaction.
(2) (a) If a court, as a matter of law, finds an equity purchaser contract or any
clause of such contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made, the court may
refuse to enforce the contract, enforce the remainder of the contract without the
unconscionable clause, or so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid
an unconscionable result.
(b) When it is claimed or appears to the court that the contract or any clause
thereof may be unconscionable, the parties shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to
present evidence as to its commercial setting, purpose, and effect, to aid the court in
making the determination.
(c) In order to support a finding of unconscionability, there must be evidence of
some bad faith overreaching on the part of the equity purchaser or associate such as that
which results from an unreasonable inequality of bargaining power or under other
circumstances in which there is an absence of meaningful choice for one of the parties,
together with contract terms that are, under standard industry practices, unreasonably
favorable to the equity purchaser or associate.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 105 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1343, § 1, effective May 30.
6-1-1120. Language. (1) Any contract, rental agreement, lease, option or right to
repurchase, and any notice, conveyance, lien, encumbrance, consent, or other document or
instrument signed by a home owner, shall be written in English; except that, if the equity
purchaser has actual or constructive knowledge that the home owner's principal language is other
than English, the home owner shall be provided with a notice, written in the home owner's
principal language, substantially as follows:
This transaction involves important and complex legal consequences, including your right
to cancel this transaction within three business days following the date you sign this
contract. You should consult with an attorney or seek assistance from a housing counselor
by calling the Colorado foreclosure hotline at _________________ [current, correct telephone
number].
(2) If a notice in the home owner's principal language is required to be provided under
subsection (1) of this section, the notice shall be given to the home owner as a separate
document accompanying the written contract required by section 6-1-1111.
Source: L. 2006: Entire part added, p. 1343, § 1, effective May 30. L. 2010: Entire
section amended, (HB 10-1133), ch. 350, p. 1617, § 7, effective January 1, 2011.
6-1-1121. Short sales - subsequent purchaser - definition. (1) With respect to any
short sale transaction in which an equity purchaser intends to resell the residence in foreclosure
to a subsequent purchaser, the equity purchaser shall:
(a) Provide full disclosure to the home owner and to the holders of the evidence of debt
on the residence in foreclosure, or such holders' representatives, of the terms of the agreement
between the equity purchaser and any subsequent purchaser, including but not limited to the
purchase price to be paid by the subsequent purchaser for the residence in foreclosure, which
disclosure shall be made within one business day of identifying any such subsequent purchaser
and in no event later than closing on the short sale transaction;
(b) Provide full disclosure to any subsequent purchaser and to any subsequent
purchaser's lender, or such lender's representative, at the time of contract with the equity
purchaser, of the terms of the agreement between the equity purchaser and the home owner,
including but not limited to the purchase price paid by the equity purchaser for the residence in
foreclosure;
(c) Comply with all applicable rules adopted by the Colorado real estate commission
with regard to short sales; and
(d) Comply with section 38-35-125, C.R.S.
(2) As used in this section, a "subsequent purchaser" means any person who enters into a
contract with an equity purchaser prior to the disbursement of the short sale transaction to
acquire the residence in foreclosure and who acquires the residence in foreclosure within
fourteen days after the disbursement of the short sale transaction.
Source: L. 2010: Entire section added, (HB 10-1133), ch. 350, p. 1618, § 8, effective
January 1, 2011.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 106 of 210 Uncertified Printout
ARTICLE 2
Unfair Practices Act
6-2-101. Short title. This article shall be known and may be cited as the "Unfair
Practices Act".
Source: L. 37: p. 1287, § 14. CSA: C. 48, § 302(13). L. 41: p. 824, § 13. L. 49: p. 349,
§ 17. CRS 53: § 55-2-17. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-17.
6-2-102. Legislative declaration. The general assembly declares that the purpose of this
article is to safeguard the public against the creation or perpetuation of monopolies and to foster
and encourage competition by prohibiting unfair and discriminatory practices by which fair and
honest competition is destroyed or prevented. This article shall be liberally construed so that its
beneficial purposes may be subserved.
Source: L. 41: p. 824, § 12. CSA: C. 48, § 302(12). L. 49: p. 349, § 16. CRS 53: § 55-
2-16. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-16.
6-2-103. Discriminatory sales - exceptions. (1) It is unlawful for any person, firm, or
corporation doing business in the state of Colorado and engaged in the production, manufacture,
distribution, or sale of any commodity, product, or service of general use or consumption, or the
sale of any merchandise or product by any public utility, with the intent to destroy the
competition of any regular established dealer in such commodity, product, or service, or to
prevent the competition of any person, firm, private corporation, or municipal or other public
corporation that in good faith intends and attempts to become a dealer, to discriminate between
different sections, communities, or cities, or portions thereof, or between different locations in
such sections, communities, cities, or portions thereof in this state by selling or furnishing a
commodity, product, or service at a lower rate in one section, community, or city, or any portion
thereof, or in one location in such section, community, or city, or any portion thereof than in
another after making allowance for the difference, if any, in the grade or quality, quantity, and
actual cost of transportation from the point of production, if a raw product or commodity, or
from the point of manufacture, if a manufactured product or commodity. Motion picture films
when delivered under a lease to motion picture houses shall not be deemed to be a commodity or
product of general use or consumption.
(2) Nothing in this article shall be construed to affect or apply to any service or product
sold, rendered, or furnished by any public utility, the sale, rendition, or furnishing of which is
subject to regulation by the Colorado public utilities commission or by any municipal regulatory
body. This article shall not be construed to prohibit the meeting in good faith of a competitive
rate.
(3) The inhibition in this section against locality discrimination shall embrace any
scheme of special rebates, collateral contracts, or any device of any nature whereby such
discrimination is, in substance or fact, effected in violation of the spirit and intent of this article.
(4) It is an unfair trade practice for any person, firm, or corporation doing business in
this state and engaged in the production, manufacture, or distribution of either written or printed
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 107 of 210 Uncertified Printout
material or motion pictures to require a buyer or lessee, as a condition of the purchase or lease of
such material or motion pictures, to accept other material or motion pictures which the buyer or
lessee deems objectionable and written objection is made thereto by such buyer or lessee to the
seller or lessor of said material or motion pictures within thirty days after delivery to said buyer
or lessee. If such written objection is made within the time provided in this subsection (4), and
the seller or lessor does not, within ten days of the receipt of said objection, repurchase or recall
such objectionable material or motion pictures from the buyer or lessee, all the remedies
provided in this article shall be applicable against said seller or lessor. The provisions of this
subsection (4) shall apply whether the material or motion pictures are acquired by the buyer or
lessee for resale, sublease, or for any other purpose.
Source: L. 37: p. 1280, § 1. CSA: C. 48, § 302(1). L. 41: p. 820, § 1. L. 49: p. 342, § 1.
CRS 53: § 55-2-1. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-1. L. 69: p. 368, § 1. L. 2007: (1) amended, p. 513, § 1,
effective April 16.
6-2-104. Personal responsibility. (1) Any person who, either as director, officer, or
agent of any firm or corporation or as agent of any person violating the provisions of this article,
assists or aids, directly or indirectly, in such violation shall be responsible equally with the
person, firm, or corporation for which he acts.
(2) In the prosecution of any person as officer, director, or agent, it shall be sufficient to
allege and prove the unlawful intent of the person, firm, or corporation for which he acts.
Source: L. 37: p. 1281, § 2. CSA: C. 48, § 302(2). L. 41: p. 821, § 2. L. 49: p. 343, § 2.
CRS 53: § 55-2-2. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-2.
6-2-105. Unlawful to sell below cost - definition. (1) (a) It is unlawful for any person,
partnership, firm, corporation, joint stock company, or other association engaged in business
within this state to sell, offer for sale, or advertise for sale any product or service for less than the
cost of the product or service with the intent to both injure competitors and destroy competition
and where the likely result of such sale would be the acquisition or maintenance of a monopoly.
A vendor who violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall
be subject to the penalties provided in section 6-2-116.
(b) (Deleted by amendment, L. 2007, p. 514, § 2, effective April 16, 2007.)
(2) For purposes of this section, "cost" means an appropriate determination of cost that is
consistent with federal court interpretations of cost in federal predatory pricing cases under the
federal "Sherman Act", 15 U.S.C. sec. 1 et seq.
(3) (Deleted by amendment, L. 2008, p. 2244, § 1, effective June 5, 2008.)
Source: L. 37: p. 1282, § 3. CSA: C. 48, § 302(3). L. 41: p. 821, § 3. L. 49: p. 343, § 3.
CRS 53: § 55-2-3. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-3. L. 93: (1) amended, p. 1273, § 1, effective July 1. L.
2007: (1) and (2) amended, p. 514, § 2, effective April 16. L. 2008: Entire section amended, p.
2244, § 1, effective June 5.
6-2-106. How cost established. In establishing the cost of a given product to the
distributor and vendor, the invoice cost of the product purchased at a forced, bankrupt, closeout
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 108 of 210 Uncertified Printout
sale, or other sale outside of the ordinary channels of trade may not be used as a basis for
justifying a price lower than one based upon the replacement cost as of date of said sale of the
product replaced through the ordinary channels of trade, unless the product is kept separate from
goods purchased in the ordinary channels of trade and unless the product is advertised and sold
as merchandise purchased at a forced, bankrupt, closeout sale, or by means other than through
the ordinary channels of trade. The advertising shall state the conditions under which said goods
were purchased and the quantity of such merchandise to be sold or offered for sale.
Source: L. 37: p. 1283, § 4. CSA: C. 48, § 302(4). L. 41: p. 822, § 4. L. 49: p. 344, § 4.
CRS 53: § 55-2-4. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-4. L. 2007: Entire section amended, p. 514, § 3,
effective April 16.
6-2-107. Allegation and proof - evidence. In any injunction proceeding or in the
prosecution of any person as officer, director, or agent, it shall be sufficient to allege and prove
the unlawful intent of the person, firm, or corporation for which he acts. Where a particular trade
or industry of which the person, firm, or corporation complained against is a member has an
established cost survey for the locality and vicinity in which the offense is committed, the cost
survey shall be deemed competent evidence to be used in proving the costs of the person, firm,
or corporation complained against within the provisions of this article.
Source: L. 37: p. 1283, § 5. CSA: C. 48, § 302(5). L. 41: p. 822, § 5. L. 49: p. 344, § 5.
CRS 53: § 55-2-5. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-5.
6-2-108. Secret rebates or refunds prohibited. The secret payment or allowance of
rebates, refunds, commissions, or unearned discounts, whether in the form of money or
otherwise, or secretly extending to certain purchasers special services or privileges not extended
to all purchasers upon like terms and conditions, to the injury of a competitor and where such
payment or allowance tends to destroy competition, is an unfair trade practice. Any person, firm,
partnership, corporation, or association resorting to such unfair trade practice is guilty of a
misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be subject to the penalties provided in section
6-2-116.
Source: L. 37: p. 1284, § 7. CSA: C. 48, § 302(7). L. 41: p. 823, § 7. L. 49: p. 345, § 7.
CRS 53: § 55-2-7. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-7.
6-2-109. Contract illegal - when. Any contract, express or implied, made by any
person, firm, or corporation in violation of any of the provisions of sections 6-2-103 to 6-2-108
is an illegal contract, and no recovery thereon shall be had; except that no part of this article shall
prevent the payment of patronage refunds by cooperative agencies or associations existing and
operating under the laws of this state.
Source: L. 37: p. 1285, § 9. CSA: C. 48, § 302(8). L. 41: p. 823, § 8. L. 49: p. 345, § 8.
CRS 53: § 55-2-8. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-8.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 109 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-2-110. When provisions not applicable. (1) The provisions of sections 6-2-105 to 6-
2-107 shall not apply to any sale made:
(a) In closing out in good faith the owner's stock or any part thereof for the purpose of
discontinuing his trade in any such stock or commodity, and in the case of the sale of seasonal
goods or the bona fide sale of perishable goods to prevent loss to the vendor by spoilage or
depreciation, if notice is given to the public thereof;
(b) When the goods are damaged or deteriorated in quality and notice is given to the
public thereof;
(c) By an officer acting under the orders of any court;
(d) In an endeavor made in good faith to meet the prices of a competitor selling the same
product or service in the same locality or trade area.
(2) Any person, firm, or corporation who performs work upon, renovates, alters, or
improves any personal property belonging to another person, firm, or corporation shall be
construed to be a vendor within the meaning of this article.
Source: L. 37: p. 1283, § 6. CSA: C. 48, § 302(6). L. 41: p. 822, § 6. L. 49: p. 344, § 6.
CRS 53: § 55-2-6. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-6. L. 2007: (1)(d) amended, p. 514, § 4, effective April
16.
6-2-111. Unlawful acts - remedy - license - rules. (1) Any person, firm, private
corporation, municipal corporation, public corporation, or trade association may maintain an
action to enjoin a continuance of any act in violation of sections 6-2-103 to 6-2-108 or section 6-
2-110 and, if injured thereby, for the recovery of damages. If, in such action, the court finds that
the defendant is violating or has violated any of the provisions of sections 6-2-103 to 6-2-108 or
section 6-2-110, it shall enjoin the defendant from a continuance of the violations. It shall not be
necessary that actual damages to the plaintiff be alleged or proved. In addition to such injunctive
relief, the plaintiff in said action shall be entitled to recover from the defendant three times the
amount of the actual damages, if any, sustained.
(2) Without prejudice to the rights of any person, firm, private corporation, municipal
corporation, public corporation, or trade association to bring an action, the attorney general of
the state of Colorado, as an incident to and power of his or her office, has like powers to those
provided in subsection (1) of this section, and it is his or her duty, upon showing by any person,
firm, private corporation, municipal corporation, public corporation, or trade association that
there is reason to believe that any person subject to the terms of this article is violating any term
of sections 6-2-103 to 6-2-108 or section 6-2-110, to prosecute actions for violation of any
provisions of this article, and to seek injunctions or restraining orders to enjoin the continuance
thereof by any defendant.
(3) If any person, firm, private corporation, municipal corporation, public corporation, or
trade association, in writing and under oath, submits to the attorney general a statement setting
forth facts sufficient to constitute a prima facie case of violation of any of the provisions of
sections 6-2-103 to 6-2-108 or any other provisions of this article, it is mandatory upon the
attorney general to seek injunctive relief or restraining orders to enjoin the continuance of such
violation by any person, firm, private corporation, or other organization so charged; and to this
end, and for this purpose, the attorney general has the power to appear in his or her official
capacity in any court in the state of Colorado, having jurisdiction in the premises, to seek relief.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 110 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(4) It is the duty of any district attorney in and for each of the judicial districts of the
state of Colorado, when requested in writing by the attorney general, to advise and consult with
the attorney general concerning the institution and prosecution of such actions, and to act for the
attorney general in prosecution of any such action; but the attorney general has the power in his
or her discretion to choose, select, appoint, and recompense from funds provided for the
purposes of enforcement of the provisions of this article any attorney-at-law admitted to practice
in the state of Colorado as a special prosecutor who has full and complete power to act for the
attorney general.
(5) The attorney general, for the purposes of carrying out the terms and provisions of this
article, has the power to promulgate rules and regulations for the enforcement of this article, not
inconsistent with its terms, and to publish the same.
(6) The attorney general may appoint such personnel as may reasonably be required to
carry out the functions prescribed for his or her office.
Source: L. 37: p. 1285, § 10. CSA: C. 48, § 302(9). L. 41: p. 823, § 9. L. 49: p. 345, §
9. CRS 53: § 55-2-9. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-9. L. 69: p. 369, § 1. L. 2016: (2), (3), (4), and (6)
amended, (HB 16-1094), ch. 94, p. 264, § 4, effective August 10.
6-2-111.5. Civil discovery requests. (1) When the attorney general has reasonable
cause to believe that any person, partnership, firm, corporation, joint stock company, or other
association has engaged in or is engaging in a violation of any provision of this article, the
attorney general may:
(a) Request such person to file a statement or report in writing, under oath or otherwise,
on forms prescribed by the attorney general, or to answer in writing, under oath or otherwise,
any questions propounded by the attorney general as to all facts and circumstances reasonably
related to the alleged violation, and to provide any other data and information the attorney
general reasonably deems to be necessary;
(b) Issue subpoenas to require the attendance of witnesses or the production of relevant
documents, administer oaths, conduct hearings in aid of an investigation or inquiry, and
prescribe such forms and promulgate such rules as may reasonably be deemed to be necessary to
administer the provisions of this article; and
(c) Make true copies, at the expense of the attorney general, of any documents examined
pursuant to paragraph (b) of this subsection (1), which copies may be offered into evidence in
lieu of the originals thereof in any civil action brought pursuant to this article. The person
producing the documents may require that the attorney general make copies of the documents. If
the attorney general determines the use of originals is necessary, the attorney general shall pay to
have copies of those documents made for use by the person producing the documents.
(2) Service of any request or subpoena shall be made in the manner prescribed by law.
(3) Any written response, testimony, or documents obtained by the attorney general
pursuant to this section or any information derived directly or indirectly from such written
response, testimony, or documents shall not be admissible in evidence in any criminal
prosecution against the person providing the written response, testimony, or documents. The
provisions of this subsection (3) shall not be construed to prevent any law enforcement officer
having an independent basis therefor from producing or obtaining the same or similar facts,
information, or evidence for use in any criminal prosecution.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 111 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(4) Nothing in this section shall prohibit the attorney general from disclosing
information obtained pursuant to this section to any other law enforcement agency or department
of any governmental or public entity of this or any other state or to the federal government if
such other law enforcement agency or department executes an agreement that such information
will remain confidential and will not be used in any criminal prosecution against the person
providing the written response, testimony, or documents.
(5) If any person fails to appear or fails to cooperate with any investigation or inquiry
pursuant to a request or subpoena issued pursuant to this section, the attorney general may apply
to any district court for an appropriate order to effect the purposes of this section. The
application shall state that there is reasonable cause to believe that the order applied for is
necessary to investigate, prosecute, or terminate a violation of this article. If the court is satisfied
that reasonable cause exists, the court may:
(a) Require the attendance of or the production of documents by such person, or both;
(b) Assess a civil penalty of up to five thousand dollars for such failure to appear and
answer questions, written or otherwise, or such failure to produce documents unless the court
finds that the failure to appear, to answer questions, or to produce documents was substantially
justified or that other circumstances make an assessment of a civil penalty unjust;
(c) Award the attorney general reasonable costs and attorney fees in making this
application unless the court finds that the failure to appear, to answer questions, or to produce
documents was substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of costs and
attorney fees unjust;
(d) Enter any protective order as provided for in the Colorado rules of civil procedure;
(e) Grant such other or further relief as may be necessary to obtain compliance by such
person.
Source: L. 93: Entire section added, p. 1273, § 2, effective July 1.
6-2-112. Testimony - books and records. In an action brought under this article, any
defendant may be required to testify under subpoena duly issued in pursuance to the Colorado
rules of civil procedure, and the books and records of any such defendant may be brought into
court and introduced into evidence. No information so obtained may be used against the
defendant as a basis for a misdemeanor prosecution under the provisions of this article.
Source: L. 49: p. 347, § 10. CSA: C. 48, § 302(9a). CRS 53: § 55-2-10. C.R.S. 1963: §
55-2-10.
6-2-113. Selling below cost. For the purposes of this article, in all sales involving more
than one product or service and in all sales involving the giving of any concession of any kind,
the combined total selling price of all products or services shall be compared to the combined
total cost of all products or services involved in the sales to determine whether the vendor or
distributor is selling below cost.
Source: L. 49: p. 347, § 11. CSA: C. 48, § 302(9b). CRS 53: § 55-2-11. C.R.S. 1963:
§ 55-2-11. L. 2007: Entire section amended, p. 514, § 5, effective April 16.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 112 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-2-114. Advertising goods not available. It is unlawful for any person, firm, or
corporation engaged in business within the state of Colorado to advertise goods, wares, or
merchandise which they are not prepared and able to supply to the consuming public in
pursuance of such advertisement.
Source: L. 49: p. 347, § 12. CSA: C. 48, § 309(9c). CRS 53: § 55-2-12. C.R.S. 1963: §
55-2-12.
6-2-115. Evidence to establish legal price. (Repealed)
Source: L. 49: p. 348, § 13. CSA: C. 48, § 302(9d). CRS 53: § 55-2-13. C.R.S. 1963:
§ 55-2-13. L. 2007: Entire section repealed, p. 515, § 6, effective April 16.
6-2-115.5. State agencies - authority to contract with private enterprise. (1) Any
state agency which is provided goods or services or which provides goods to the public,
including manufacturing, processing, selling, offering for sale, renting, leasing, delivering,
distributing, or advertising, shall determine if such goods can also be provided for by contract
with private persons, partnerships, or corporations or any other type of private enterprise.
(2) Whenever a state agency determines that goods provided by it to the public can be
more cost-effectively delivered by contract with private enterprise, or whenever a state agency
determines that goods can be provided to it more cost-effectively by contract with private
enterprise, such state agency is authorized to enter into a contract, in accordance with the
"Procurement Code", articles 101 to 112 of title 24, C.R.S., to obtain such goods.
(3) The provisions of subsections (1) and (2) of this section do not apply to the division
of correctional industries products and services as long as such products and services are of
comparable price and quality.
Source: L. 83: Entire section added, p. 395, § 1, effective June 3.
Cross references: For the requirements concerning purchasing by state agencies of
correctional industries goods and services, see article 24 of title 17.
6-2-116. Penalty. Any person, firm, or corporation, whether as principal, agent, officer,
or director, for himself or itself, or for another person, or for any firm or corporation who
violates any of the provisions of sections 6-2-103 to 6-2-108 or section 6-2-110, is guilty of a
misdemeanor for each single violation and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine
of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for
not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Source: L. 37: p. 1286, § 11. CSA: C. 48, § 302(10). L. 41: p. 824, § 10. L. 49: p. 349, §
14. CRS 53: § 55-2-14. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-14.
6-2-117. Remedies cumulative. The remedies prescribed in this article are cumulative.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 113 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 41: p. 824, § 11. CSA: C. 48, § 302(11). L. 49: p. 349, § 15. CRS 53: § 55-
2-15. C.R.S. 1963: § 55-2-15.
ARTICLE 2.5
Colorado Junk Email Law
6-2.5-101 to 6-2.5-105. (Repealed)
Source: L. 2008: Entire article repealed, p. 596, § 3, effective August 5.
Editor's note: This article was added in 2000 and was not amended prior to its repeal in
2008. For the text of this article prior to 2008, consult the 2007 Colorado Revised Statutes.
Cross references: For the "Spam Reduction Act of 2008", see § 6-1-702.5.
ARTICLE 2.7
Internet Evidence for
Law Enforcement Investigations
6-2.7-101. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Court order" means an order for the release of information, including but not limited
to a subpoena, court order, search warrant, or summons.
(2) "Internet access provider" means an entity that provides electronic communications
or remote computing as defined in 18 U.S.C. sec. 119 and sec. 121, to customers in Colorado.
"Internet access provider" shall not include noninternet-based communications.
Source: L. 2006: Entire article added, p. 2057, § 9, effective October 1.
6-2.7-102. Internet evidence for law enforcement - preserve and release evidence -
reports - training materials. (1) (a) An internet access provider, upon the request of a law
enforcement agency, shall take all necessary steps to preserve records and other evidence in its
possession pending the issuance of a court order or other legal process. The internet access
provider shall comply with the request as soon as possible following receipt.
(b) Records referred to in paragraph (a) of this subsection (1) shall be retained for a
period of ninety days, which shall be extended for an additional ninety-day period upon a
renewed request by the law enforcement agency.
(2) (a) An internet access provider shall release evidence regarding all categories of
information identified in 18 U.S.C. sec. 2703 (c)(2) that are in its possession within ten days
after receiving a court order requiring the internet access provider to release such evidence to
law enforcement. If the internet access provider demonstrates to the requesting law enforcement
agency within five days of the request that, for bona fide technical reasons, it cannot comply
with the order within ten days of the request, it shall make every reasonable effort to comply
with the request as soon as reasonably possible.
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(b) In connection with any criminal investigation regarding possible sex offenses
involving a child under section 18-1.3-1003, C.R.S., that involves immediate danger of death or
serious bodily harm, a law enforcement agency in this state may issue a request, without
compulsory legal process or court order, to a designated recipient of the internet access provider
to disclose, consistent with 18 U.S.C. sec. 2702 (c)(4), the information identified in paragraph
(a) of this subsection (2). The internet access provider shall comply with the request immediately
and without delay, or if unable to immediately comply, communicate with the requesting agency
to discuss the nature of the request and to coordinate a timely response.
(3) An internet access provider doing business in this state shall report incidents of
apparent child pornography to the national center for missing and exploited children pursuant to
42 U.S.C. sec. 13032. The report shall include, if available, the subscriber's city and state or zip
code.
(4) Each internet access provider with more than fifteen thousand subscribers who are
residents of this state shall, upon request of the attorney general, provide training materials to
law enforcement agencies in this state regarding best practices for investigating internet-related
crimes involving sexual exploitation of children, the internet access provider's law enforcement
compliance practices, and contact information for the internet access provider and its designated
recipient for law enforcement requests.
(5) Subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall be interpreted consistent with the
requirements of federal law that apply to internet access providers, including but not limited to
18 U.S.C. 2701 et seq. and 42 U.S.C. 13032.
Source: L. 2006: Entire article added, p. 2058, § 9, effective October 1.
6-2.7-103. Internet evidence - failure to release or preserve - civil penalty. (1) An
internet access provider that fails to comply with the requirements in section 6-2.7-102 (1) or (2)
shall be liable for payment of a civil penalty of up to two thousand five hundred dollars for each
incidence of noncompliance; except that the internet access provider shall be liable for payment
of up to ten thousand dollars for a third and subsequent incidence of noncompliance that occurs
within a twelve-month period. The state attorney general is authorized to bring suit in a court of
competent jurisdiction for enforcement of the provisions of this subsection (1).
(2) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (1) of this section, an internet access
provider's failure to comply with the requirements specified in section 6-2.7-102 shall not result
in further civil liability to the state.
Source: L. 2006: Entire article added, p. 2059, § 9, effective October 1.
ARTICLE 3
Fair Trade Act
6-3-101 to 6-3-106. (Repealed)
Source: L. 75: Entire article repealed, p. 261, § 1, effective July 1.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 115 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Editor's note: This article was numbered as article 1 of chapter 55, C.R.S. 1963. For
amendments to this article prior to its repeal in 1975, consult the Colorado statutory research
explanatory note and the table itemizing the replacement volumes and supplements to the
original volume of C.R.S. 1973 beginning on page vii in the front of this volume.
ARTICLE 4
Colorado Antitrust Act of 1992
Editor's note: This article was numbered as article 4 of chapter 55, C.R.S. 1963. The
substantive provisions of this article were repealed and reenacted in 1992, resulting in the
addition, relocation, and elimination of sections as well as subject matter. For amendments to
this article prior to 1992, consult the Colorado statutory research explanatory note beginning on
page vii in the front of this volume. Former C.R.S. section numbers are shown in editor's notes
following those sections that were relocated.
Law reviews: For article, "The 1992 Colorado Antitrust Act: Per Se Bidrigging and Key
Issues", see 22 Colo. Law. 2229 (1993); for article, "The Colorado Antitrust Act of 1992", see 22
Colo. Law. 695 (1993); for article, "Antitrust Questions and Answers: A Primer for
Practitioners", see 24 Colo. Law. 521 (1995); for article, "Criminal Enforcement of State and
Federal Antitrust Laws", see 43 Colo. Law. 59 (Oct. 2014).
6-4-101. Short title. This article shall be known and may be cited as the "Colorado
Antitrust Act of 1992".
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 236, § 1, effective July 1.
6-4-102. Legislative declaration. The general assembly hereby finds and determines
that competition is fundamental to the free market system and that the unrestrained interaction of
competitive forces will yield the best allocation of our economic resources, the lowest prices, the
highest quality commodities and services, and the greatest material progress, while at the same
time providing an environment conducive to the preservation of our democratic, political, and
social institutions.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 236, § 1, effective July 1.
6-4-103. Definitions. (1) "Commodity" includes, but is not limited to, any goods,
merchandise, wares, produce, chose in action, land, articles of commerce, or any other tangible
or intangible property, real, personal, or mixed, for use, consumption, production, enjoyment, or
resale.
(2) "Governmental or public entity" means the state and any of its departments, boards,
agencies, instrumentalities, authorities, and commissions and any political subdivisions,
including but not limited to counties, city and counties, municipalities, school districts, local
improvement districts, law enforcement authorities, water, sanitation, fire protection,
metropolitan, irrigation, drainage, or other special districts, and any other municipal, quasiColorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 116 of 210 Uncertified Printout
municipal, or public corporation organized pursuant to the constitution or other law, and any of
the political subdivision's respective departments, boards, agencies, instrumentalities, authorities,
and commissions.
(3) "Person" includes any natural person, any firm, association, organization, business or
other trust, company, corporation, joint venture, partnership, proprietorship, or other business
entity, whether or not for profit, and any governmental or public entity.
(4) "Service" includes, but is not limited to, any kind of activity performed in whole or
in part for economic or noneconomic benefit.
(5) "Trade or commerce" means any and all economic activity carried on wholly or
partially in this state which involves or relates to any commodity or service.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 236, § 1, effective July 1.
6-4-104. Illegal restraint of trade or commerce. Every contract, combination in the
form of a trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce is illegal.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 237, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-101, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-105. Monopolization and attempt to monopolize. It is illegal for any person to
monopolize, attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person to monopolize
any part of trade or commerce.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 237, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-102, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-106. Bid-rigging. (1) It is illegal for any person to contract, combine, or conspire
with any person to rig any bid, or any aspect of the bidding process, in any way related to the
provision of any commodity or service.
(2) For purposes of this section, each separate instance of bid-rigging shall constitute a
separate violation of this section, regardless of whether a single conspiracy is found to exist
encompassing more than one such violation.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 237, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-102, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-107. Mergers - acquisitions. (1) It is unlawful for any person engaged in trade or
commerce to acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share
capital, or to acquire the whole or any part of the assets, of another person engaged in trade or
commerce where the effect of such acquisition may be to substantially lessen competition or
may tend to create a monopoly.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 117 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(2) Nothing in this section shall prohibit any person from acquiring stock of another
person solely for investment purposes, so long as such acquisition of stock is not used, by voting
or otherwise, to bring about, or to attempt to bring about, the substantial lessening of
competition; nor shall anything in this section prohibit any person from causing the formation of
subsidiary corporations or from owning and holding all or any part of the stock of such
subsidiary corporation.
(3) The attorney general shall not challenge any merger or acquisition under the
provisions of this section which has been reviewed by any federal department, agency, or
commission under section 7A of the federal "Clayton Act" and for which all applicable waiting
periods have expired or have been terminated without a challenge to such merger or acquisition
by that department, agency, or commission.
(4) The attorney general shall not challenge the merger or acquisition of any bank or
bank holding company by or with any other bank or bank holding company that is subject to the
provisions of any of the federal banking laws, except as specifically provided in those laws.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 237, § 1, effective July 1.
Cross references: For the "Clayton Act", see 38 Stat. 730; for section 7A of the "Clayton
Act", as referred to in subsection (3), see 15 U.S.C. sec. 18a.
6-4-108. Exemptions. (1) The labor of a human being is not a commodity, service, or
article of trade or commerce.
(2) Nothing contained in this article shall be construed to forbid the existence and
operation of labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations, instituted for purposes of mutual
help, or engaged in making collective sales or marketing for its members or shareholders, and
not having capital stock or conducted for profit, or to forbid or restrain individual members of
such organizations from lawfully carrying out the legitimate objects thereof.
(3) A professional review committee constituted and conducting its reviews and
activities in accordance with the provisions of part 1 of article 36.5 of title 12, C.R.S., or the
members thereof, shall not be held nor construed to be illegal combinations or conspiracies in
restraint of trade under this article.
(4) Any person, activity, or conduct exempt or immune under the laws of this state or
exempt or immune from the provisions of the federal antitrust laws shall be exempt or immune
from the provisions of this article without regard to any monetary threshold imposed by federal
law; except that nothing in this article shall be deemed to modify the specific provisions of part 4
of article 4 of title 10, C.R.S.
(5) Nothing in this article shall prohibit or be construed to prohibit:
(a) The formation of a cooperative health care agreement that has been approved in
whole or in part in accordance with the provisions of part 5 of article 1 of title 25.5, C.R.S.;
(b) Any conduct or activity reasonably necessary and reasonably foreseeable to
implement a board-approved cooperative health care agreement or a decision or order issued by
the cooperative health care agreements board pursuant to part 5 of article 1 of title 25.5, C.R.S.;
(c) The negotiation of or entering into any cooperative health care agreement which is
filed with the cooperative health care agreements board; or
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 118 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(d) Community planning, discussions, or negotiations intended in good faith to
culminate in a cooperative health care agreement to be filed with the cooperative health care
agreements board. Such agreements, conduct, or activities shall not be held or construed to be
illegal combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade under this article.
(6) Nothing in this article shall prohibit or be construed to prohibit the formation and
operation of health care coverage cooperatives or provider networks pursuant to part 3 of article
18 of this title or part 10 of article 16 of title 10, C.R.S.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 238, § 1, effective July 1. L. 93: (5) added, p.
1898, § 2, effective July 1. L. 94: (6) added, p. 1941, § 5, effective July 1. L. 95: (5)(a) and
(5)(b) amended, p. 511, § 6, effective May 16. L. 2004: (6) amended, p. 1009, § 16, effective
August 4.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-103, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-109. Jurisdiction - venue. (1) Primary jurisdiction of any cause of action brought
pursuant to this article shall be vested in the district courts of this state.
(2) Any cause of action brought pursuant to this article may be brought in any judicial
district in which said violation occurred, in which any injury was suffered, or in which any
defendant resides.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 239, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-105, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-110. Civil discovery request. (1) When the attorney general has reasonable cause
to believe that any person has engaged in or is engaging in a violation of any provision of this
article or of any provision of the federal antitrust statutes that may be enforced by the attorney
general, the attorney general may:
(a) Request such person to file a statement or report in writing, under oath or otherwise,
on forms prescribed by the attorney general, or to answer in writing, under oath or otherwise,
any questions propounded by the attorney general, as to all facts and circumstances reasonably
related to the alleged violation and to provide any other data and information the attorney
general reasonably deems to be necessary;
(b) Issue subpoenas to require the attendance of witnesses or the production of relevant
documents, administer oaths, conduct hearings in aid of an investigation or inquiry, and
prescribe such forms and promulgate such rules as may reasonably be deemed to be necessary to
administer the provisions of this section; and
(c) Make true copies, at the expense of the attorney general, of any documents examined
pursuant to paragraph (b) of this subsection (1), which copies may be offered into evidence in
lieu of the originals thereof in any civil action brought pursuant to this article. The person
producing the documents may require that the attorney general make copies of the documents. If
the attorney general determines the use of originals is necessary, the attorney general shall pay to
have copies of those documents made for use by the person producing the documents.
(2) Service of any request or subpoena shall be made in the manner prescribed by law.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 119 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(3) Any written response, testimony, or documents obtained by the attorney general
pursuant to this section, or any information derived directly or indirectly from such written
response, testimony, or documents, shall not be admissible in evidence in any criminal
prosecution against the person providing the written response, testimony, or documents. The
provisions of this subsection (3) shall not be construed to prevent any law enforcement officer,
having an independent basis therefor, from producing or obtaining the same or similar facts,
information, or evidence for use in any criminal prosecution.
(4) Nothing in this section shall prohibit the attorney general from disclosing
information obtained pursuant to this section to any other law enforcement agency or department
of any governmental or public entity of this or any other state or to the federal government if
such other law enforcement agency or department executes an agreement that such information
will remain confidential and will not be used in any criminal prosecution against the person
providing the written response, testimony, or documents.
(5) If any person fails to appear or fails to cooperate with any investigation or inquiry
pursuant to a request or subpoena issued pursuant to this section, the attorney general may apply
to any district court for an appropriate order to effect the purposes of this section. The
application shall state that there is reasonable cause to believe that the order applied for is
necessary to investigate, prosecute, or terminate a violation of this article. If the court is satisfied
that reasonable cause exists, the court may:
(a) Require the attendance of, or the production of documents by, such person, or both;
(b) Assess a civil penalty of up to five thousand dollars for such failure to appear and
answer questions, written or otherwise, or such failure to produce documents unless the court
finds that the failure to appear, to answer questions, or to produce documents was substantially
justified or that other circumstances make an assessment of a civil penalty unjust;
(c) Award the attorney general reasonable costs and attorney fees in making this
application unless the court finds that the failure to appear, to answer questions, or to produce
documents was substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of costs and
attorney fees unjust;
(d) Enter any protective order as provided for in the Colorado rules of civil procedure;
and
(e) Grant such other or further relief as may be necessary to obtain compliance by such
person.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 239, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2000: IP(1)
amended, p. 245, § 4, effective March 30.
6-4-111. Enforcement by the attorney general. (1) The attorney general shall have the
authority to institute actions or proceedings to prevent or restrain violations of this article.
(2) The attorney general may bring a civil action on behalf of any governmental or
public entity, with the written consent of such entity, injured, either directly or indirectly, in its
business or property by reason of any violation of this article and, if successful, shall recover any
actual damages sustained by such entity. If the violation alleged and proved is determined by the
court to be a per se violation of this article, the attorney general may recover three times the
actual damages sustained by such entity.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 120 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(3) (a) The attorney general may bring a civil action as parens patriae on behalf of
natural persons residing within the state injured in their business or property by reason of any
violation of this article and, if successful, shall recover any actual damages sustained by such
natural persons. If the violation alleged and proved is determined by the court to be a per se
violation of this article, the attorney general may recover three times the actual damages
sustained by such natural persons.
(b) In any parens patriae action brought pursuant to paragraph (a) of this subsection (3),
the attorney general shall cause notice to be given to the proposed parens group by publication
or as otherwise directed by the court, and all proposed parens group members shall have the
right to elect to have their particular claim excluded from that proceeding. No dismissal or
compromise settlement of an action brought by the attorney general as parens patriae shall be
entered without the approval of the court and notice to all proposed parens group members.
(c) In any parens patriae action in which actual or treble damages are recovered, the
court, in its discretion, may determine that the amount of damages recovered is too small to
make a refund to parens group members practicable. In that event, the court may direct such
damages to be paid to the general fund of the state or to some other governmental or public
entity as the court deems appropriate or may require that damages be paid as rebates or price
reductions to future consumers.
(4) In any action brought pursuant to this section, the attorney general, if successful,
shall be entitled to recover the costs of investigation, expert fees, costs of the action, and
reasonable attorney fees.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 241, § 1, effective July 1. L. 93: (1) amended, p.
1574, § 4, effective July 1.
6-4-112. Civil penalties. (1) The attorney general may bring a civil action on behalf of
the state to seek the imposition of a civil penalty for any violation of this article. The court, upon
finding a violation of this article, shall impose a civil penalty to be paid to the general fund of the
state in an amount not to exceed two hundred fifty thousand dollars for each such violation;
except that the election by the attorney general to seek a civil penalty shall preclude the attorney
general from filing criminal charges against the person assessed a civil penalty based upon the
same conduct or from pursuing an action against such person for damages pursuant to section 6-
4-111 (2) and (3).
(2) In determining the amount of a civil penalty, the court shall consider, among other
things: The nature and extent of the violation; the number of consumers affected by the
violation; whether the violation was an isolated incident or a continuous pattern and practice of
behavior; whether the violation was the result of willful conduct; whether the defendant took
affirmative steps to conceal such violations; and whether, given the size and wealth of the
defendant, the civil penalty will be an effective deterrent against future violations.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 242, § 1, effective July 1. L. 93: (1) amended, p.
1574, § 5, effective July 1. L. 2009: (1) amended, (SB 09-054), ch. 138, p. 597, § 2, effective
August 5.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-107, as it existed prior to 1992.
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6-4-113. Enforcement - injunction. (1) Any person injured in its business or property
by reason of any violation of this article may file an action to prevent or restrain any such
violation.
(2) In any action brought pursuant to this section, the court, in its discretion, may award
the prevailing party its expert witness fees, the costs of the action, and reasonable attorney fees.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 242, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-105, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-114. Enforcement - civil damages. (1) Any person injured in its business or
property by reason of any violation of this article may sue therefor and, if successful, shall
recover any actual damages sustained by such person. If the violation alleged and proved is
determined by the court to be a per se violation of this article, such person may recover three
times the actual damages sustained by such person.
(2) In any action brought pursuant to this section, the court, in its discretion, may award
the prevailing party its expert fees, the costs of the action, and reasonable attorney fees.
(3) No damages, costs, expert fees, costs of investigation, civil penalties, or attorney fees
may be recovered from a governmental or public entity, or from any official, agent, or employee
thereof acting in an official capacity, or from any person based on any official action directed by
such governmental or public entity.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 242, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-108, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-115. Notice to the attorney general. Any person who files a civil action which
includes any allegation of a violation of this article shall, simultaneously with the filing of such
action in district court, serve a copy of said complaint on the attorney general.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 243, § 1, effective July 1.
6-4-116. Computation of damages. In any action brought pursuant to sections 6-4-111
and 6-4-114, the amount of damages may be calculated and assessed in the aggregate by
statistical or sampling methods, by the computation of illegal overcharges, or by such other
reasonable system of estimating aggregate damages as the court in its discretion may permit
without the necessity of separately proving the individual claim of, or amount of damages to,
persons on whose behalf the action was brought.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 243, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-108, as it existed prior to 1992.
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6-4-117. Enforcement - criminal proceedings. (1) The attorney general shall prosecute
all criminal proceedings for violations of this article, whether by indictment or direct information
filed in the appropriate district court.
(2) Any natural person who violates section 6-4-104, 6-4-105, or 6-4-106 commits a
class 5 felony and shall be punished as provided in section 18-1.3-401, C.R.S.
(3) Any person, other than a natural person and a governmental or public entity, that
violates section 6-4-104, 6-4-105, or 6-4-106 is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof,
shall be punished by a fine of not more than one million dollars.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 243, § 1, L. 2002: (2) amended, p. 1466, § 15,
effective October 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-104, as it existed prior to 1992.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration contained in the 2002 act amending
subsection (2), see section 1 of chapter 318, Session Laws of Colorado 2002.
6-4-118. Statute of limitations. (1) Any civil action commenced pursuant to this article
shall be brought within four years from the date that such cause of action accrued. For purposes
of this article, a cause of action accrues when the circumstances giving rise to the cause of action
are discovered or should have been discovered in the exercise of reasonable diligence.
(2) Any criminal proceeding brought pursuant to this article shall be commenced within
six years after the act complained of occurred.
(3) If any proceeding or action is commenced by the attorney general for any violation
of this article, the running of the statute of limitations with respect to every cause of action based
in whole or in part on any matter complained of therein shall be suspended during the pendency
thereof and for one year thereafter.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 243, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-104, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-119. Interpretation. It is the intent of the general assembly that, in construing this
article, the courts shall use as a guide interpretations given by the federal courts to comparable
federal antitrust laws.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 244, § 1, effective July 1.
6-4-120. Remedies - cumulative. The remedies provided in this article are cumulative
except as otherwise expressly limited.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 244, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-5-114, as it existed prior to 1992.
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6-4-121. Void contracts - refund. All contracts or agreements made by any person
while a member of any combination, conspiracy, trust, or pool prohibited under this article
which are founded upon, or are the result of, or grow out of, or are connected with any violation
of this article, either directly or indirectly, shall be void, and no recovery thereon or benefit
therefrom shall be had by or for any such person. Any payments made upon, under, or pursuant
to such contract or agreement to or for the benefit of such person may be recovered in an action
by the party making the payment or his heirs, personal representatives, or assigns.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 244, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 6-4-106, as it existed prior to 1992.
6-4-122. Severability. If any provision of this article or the application thereof to any
person or circumstances is held invalid, that invalidity shall not affect other provisions or
applications of the article which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application.
Source: L. 92: Entire article R&RE, p. 244, § 1, effective July 1.
ARTICLE 5
Unfair Cigarette Sales
6-5-101 to 6-5-114. (Repealed)
Source: L. 75: Entire article repealed, p. 261, § 1, effective July 1.
Editor's note: This article was numbered as article 3 of chapter 55, C.R.S. 1963. For
amendments to this article prior to its repeal in 1975, consult the Colorado statutory research
explanatory note and the table itemizing the replacement volumes and supplements to the
original volume of C.R.S. 1973 beginning on page vii in the front of this volume.
ARTICLE 6
Unsolicited Goods
6-6-101. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Unsolicited goods" means contractual obligations or other tangible or intangible
property or services delivered to a person who has not ordered, solicited, or agreed to purchase
them, but shall not include tangible or intangible goods or services which are misdirected,
misdelivered, or offered in good faith in substitution for goods solicited by the recipient.
Source: L. 75: Entire article added, p. 262, § 1, effective July 14. L. 93: (1) amended, p.
1574, § 6, effective July 1.
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6-6-102. Obligation of recipient. (1) Unless otherwise agreed, where unsolicited goods
are delivered to a person, he has a right to refuse to accept delivery of the goods and is not bound
to return such goods to the sender.
(2) If such unsolicited goods are either addressed to or intended for the recipient, they
shall be deemed a gift to the recipient, who may use them or dispose of them in any manner he
sees fit without any obligation to the sender.
Source: L. 75: Entire article added, p. 262, § 1, effective July 14.
6-6-103. Collections prohibited - penalty - definition. (1) No sender of any
unsolicited goods shall mail or otherwise send to any recipient of such unsolicited goods a bill
for such unsolicited goods or any dunning communications.
(2) (a) The sender of a magazine or other periodical shall cancel a subscription if any
invoice is returned by the recipient marked "cancel". Cancellation shall also occur when the
recipient gives written notice of cancellation to the sender at the sender's address or at the
address of the subscription department printed in the periodical, or, if no such department is
listed, at the general business address of the periodical.
(b) Notice of cancellation may be given by regular mail, and is effective on the date
received by the sender. Notice of cancellation need not take any particular form and is sufficient
if it indicates by any form of written expression that the recipient wishes to terminate the
subscription. Within sixty days after notice of cancellation for prepaid subscriptions, the sender
shall refund to the recipient any amount paid for the subscription less the amount owed by the
recipient for any periodicals, together with the postage thereon, if postage has been charged
separately, received before the effective date of the notice of cancellation.
(c) For purposes of this subsection (2), "sender" means the publisher of a periodical, any
person acting as the agent of such publisher, and any person purporting to act as the agent of
such publisher, and a seller of the periodical.
(3) Violation of this section shall constitute a class 2 petty offense, and, upon conviction
thereof, the violator shall be punished by a fine of not more than two hundred fifty dollars.
Violation of this section shall also constitute a deceptive trade practice in violation of the
"Colorado Consumer Protection Act", article 1 of this title, and shall be subject to remedies or
penalties, or both, pursuant thereto.
Source: L. 75: Entire article added, p. 262, § 1, effective July 14. L. 76: Entire section
amended, p. 297, § 11, effective May 20. L. 93: Entire section amended, p. 1574, § 7, effective
July 1. L. 95: Entire section amended, p. 387, § 1, effective July 1.
ARTICLE 6.5
Soil and Hazard Analyses of Residential Construction
6-6.5-101. Disclosure to purchaser - penalty. (1) At least fourteen days prior to
closing the sale of any new residence for human habitation, every developer or builder or their
representatives shall provide the purchaser with a copy of a summary report of the analysis and
the site recommendations. For sites in which significant potential for expansive soils is
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 125 of 210 Uncertified Printout
recognized, the builder or his representative shall supply each buyer with a copy of a publication
detailing the problems associated with such soils, the building methods to address these
problems during construction, and suggestions for care and maintenance to address such
problems.
(2) In addition to any other liability or penalty, any builder or developer failing to
provide the report or publication required by subsection (1) of this section shall be subject to a
civil penalty of five hundred dollars payable to the purchaser.
(3) The requirements of this section shall not apply to any individual constructing a
residential structure for his own residence.
Source: L. 84: Entire article added, p. 294, § 1, effective July 1.
ENERGY AND WATER CONSERVATION
ARTICLE 7
Residential Building Energy Conservation
6-7-101. Short title. This article shall be known and may be cited as the "Residential
Building Energy Conservation Act of 1977".
Source: L. 77: Entire article added, p. 354, § 1, effective July 1.
6-7-102. Legislative declaration. (1) The general assembly hereby finds and declares
that:
(a) The energy resources of this state and the nation are essential to the preservation of
the public health, welfare, and safety and to the maintenance of a healthy economy;
(b) The conservation and efficient use of said energy resources are necessary if the
quality of life in this state is to be maintained and continued;
(c) The purpose of this article is to provide minimum uniform statewide insulation
standards to achieve energy conservation in the construction and renovation of residential
buildings and to encourage energy conservation by other means in the construction and
renovation of residential buildings, recognizing that such energy conservation by insulation or
other means must be life cycle cost-effective in order to minimize the adverse impact on
residential life-styles and to continue to strive to make reasonably priced housing available to all
residents of this state;
(d) The general assembly recognizes the technological improvements developed by the
home-building industry in connection with energy conservation for residential buildings and
wishes to encourage continued technological improvement by the home-building industry in
order to exceed the insulation energy conservation standards contained in this article;
(e) It is the further purpose to establish a process which will result in the development of
residential energy conserving performance standards by September 1, 1977. Such standards shall
consider all uses of energy generated by fossil fuels, used within a dwelling, including energy
used for lighting, cooking, appliances, maintenance of air temperature, and heating water and the
energy lost through the building envelope and exhaust pipes. It is consistent with public policy to
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 126 of 210 Uncertified Printout
encourage the rehabilitation, preservation, and restoration of buildings built before September 1,
1977.
Source: L. 77: Entire article added, p. 354, § 1, effective July 1. L. 79: (1)(e) amended,
p. 319, § 1, effective July 1.
6-7-103. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Heating degree day" means a unit, based upon temperature difference and time,
used in estimating fuel consumption and specifying nominal heating load of a building in winter.
For any one day, when the mean temperature is less than sixty-five degrees Fahrenheit, there
exist as many heating degree days as there are Fahrenheit degrees difference in temperature
between the mean temperature for the day and sixty-five degrees Fahrenheit.
(2) "Local government" means a county or municipality and may be used to refer to the
governing body thereof or the area under the jurisdiction of said governing body.
(3) "Municipality" means any home rule city, town, or city and county, statutory city or
town, territorial charter city, or municipal corporation which incorporated pursuant to territorial
or general incorporation law and which has not reorganized.
(4) "Overall thermal transmittance"(U0
) means the overall average heat transmission of a
gross area of the exterior building envelope, expressed in British thermal units per hour per
square foot per degree Fahrenheit. The U0 value applies to the combined effect of the time rate of
heat flows through the various parallel paths, such as windows, doors, and opaque construction
areas, comprising the gross area of one or more exterior building components, such as walls,
floors, or roofs or ceilings.
(5) "Renovation" means any additions, alterations, or repairs to an existing building.
When additions, alterations, or repairs exceed fifty percent of the value of an existing building,
such building shall be made to conform to the renovation standards promulgated by the board for
energy efficient building standards. The renovation standards promulgated shall recognize the
individuality of each renovation project. Any additions shall conform to the energy conservation
requirements for new buildings as they relate to the new construction only.
(6) "Residential building" includes all one- and two-family dwellings or multifamily
dwellings not to exceed three stories above grade.
(7) "R-value" (R=1/U) means the reciprocal of the average overall coefficient of heat
transmission in BTUs (British thermal units) per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit. The
term is generally applied to usual combinations of insulation materials, as generally recognized
and accepted in the residential building construction industry.
(8) "Thermal transmittance" ((U) (U = 1/R)) means the overall coefficient of heat
transmission, air to air, expressed in British thermal units per hour per square foot per degree
Fahrenheit. It is the time rate of heat flow. The U value applies to combinations of different
materials used in series along the heat flow path, single materials that comprise a building
section, cavity air spaces, and surfaces air films on both sides of a building element.
(9) "Value" means the estimated cost to replace the building in kind, based on current
replacement costs, as determined by the local building official.
Source: L. 77: Entire article added, p. 354, § 1, effective July 1. L. 79: Entire section
R&RE, p. 319, § 2, effective July 1.
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6-7-104. Exemptions from this article. The standards set forth in this article shall not
apply to the design and construction or renovation of private garages, carports, sheds,
agricultural buildings, tanks, factory-constructed housing, towers, and those buildings which
have been designated as historic by the governing body of a county or municipality or which
have been included on the state register of historic properties pursuant to article 80.1 of title 24,
C.R.S., or the national register of historic places maintained pursuant to 16 U.S.C. sec. 470a.
Source: L. 77: Entire article added, p. 355, § 1, effective July 1. L. 79: Entire section
amended, p. 320, § 3, effective July 1.
6-7-105. Insulation and thermal performance standards and energy conserving
alternatives. (1) (a) The following design parameters shall be used for calculations required
under this section. Computations submitted by a licensed architect or engineer, contractors,
builders, and owners shall be considered as acceptable when calculated by acceptable
engineering procedures. Values for table 1 are to be selected from standard RS21 of the
Colorado energy conservation standards (design temperatures for Colorado cities and towns,
supplement to climate data for air conditioning design, ASHRAE Rocky Mountain region, April,
1978).
Table 1
Location
Winter design dry-bulb EF
Degree days heating
(b) Minimum thermal performance standards for residential buildings on which
construction commences on or after November 1, 1979, shall conform to one of the alternatives
provided in subsections (2), (3), and (4) of this section. Renovation that commences on or after
November 1, 1979, shall conform to one of the alternatives provided in subsections (2), (3), and
(4) of this section, or renovation standards promulgated by the board for energy efficient
building standards.
(2) (a) Any separate envelope component of a residential building that is heated shall not
exceed the combined thermal transmittance value (U0
) derived from equation 1 using values in
table 2. Values for the purposes of table 2 shall be determined by using the graphs (figures 1, 2,
and 5) contained in the Colorado energy conservation standards. The combined thermal
transmittance (Ur
) for roofs or ceilings shall not exceed 0.05 BTU/H FT² EF for geographic areas
with eight thousand or less Fahrenheit heating degree days and shall not exceed 0.04 BTU/H FT²
EF for geographic areas with more than eight thousand Fahrenheit heating degree days. Roof or
ceiling assemblies in which the finished interior surface is the underside of the roof deck may
have a maximum Ur value of 0.08 BTU/H FT² EF. Equation 1 shall be used to determine
acceptable combinations to meet the required U0
values.
Table 2
Element Required value
Walls Uw
Roof/ceiling Ur
Floors over unheated spaces Uf
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 128 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Heated slab on grade R
(b) If all exposed concrete walls average less than two feet above grade, those walls are
exempt from the calculations for Uw and insulation.
(c) Heating equipment shall be sized using climate data from table 1 in subsection (1) of
this section.
(3) (a) If any segment (wall, floor, roof) of the exterior envelope does not comply with
the standards prescribed in subsection (2) of this section, the thermal transmittance value (U0
) of
any other segment (wall, floor, roof) may be decreased so that the resulting thermal
transmittance value (U0
) of the envelope complies as if the building had been designed in
compliance with subsection (2) of this section. For this purpose, reduction of the thermal
transmittance value of any of the other exterior components of the envelopes may be used to
achieve compliance.
Equation 1
U0
Envelope = U A + U A + U A . . .
wall wall roof roof< T > floor floor

A + A + A . . .
wall roof floor
(b) Use of the equation provided in paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) requires two sets
of calculations. The first calculation utilizes the U0 values obtained from subsection (2) of this
section and the actual areas of the proposed residential design. The second calculation utilizes
the actual U0
values and the actual areas of the proposed residential design.
(4) Computations submitted indicating that the total fossil fuel energy required in a
residential building, through design or otherwise, equals or is less than the total fossil fuel energy
used if the dwelling is built or renovated according to standards contained in subsections (1) and
(2) of this section shall be considered an acceptable alternative. The total fossil fuel energy
required shall be computed as the annual estimated BTUs necessary for the proposed residential
building.
(5) Repealed.
Source: L. 77: Entire article added, p. 355, § 1, effective July 1. L. 79: Entire section
R&RE, p. 321, § 4, effective July 1. L. 2004: (1)(b) amended, p. 1188, § 8, effective August 4.
Editor's note: Subsection (5)(e) provided for the repeal of subsection (5), effective
March 31, 1980. (See L. 79, p. 321.)
6-7-106. Building permits. (1) No building permit shall be issued for the construction
or renovation of any residential buildings in any area under the jurisdiction of a local
government on or after October 1, 1977, unless such construction or renovation will conform to
the provisions of this article. The local building inspector shall inspect all places not inspected
by the division of housing pursuant to part 7 of article 32 of title 24, C.R.S., to determine
whether such places are in compliance with the insulation standards required by this article.
(2) Nothing in this article shall be construed to restrict or limit the authority of a county
or municipality to adopt and enforce standards for efficient construction and renovation which
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are no less stringent than the standards contained in section 6-7-105. Any county or municipality
adopting such standards may accept computations submitted by a licensed architect or licensed
engineer that the design of the proposed building meets or exceeds the locally adopted energy
efficiency standards.
Source: L. 77: Entire article added, p. 356, § 1, effective July 1.
ARTICLE 7.5
Water Efficiency
Editor's note: Section 6 of chapter 384 (HB 14-1037), Session Laws of Colorado 2014,
provides that the act adding this article applies to lavatory faucets, shower heads, tank type
toilets, and flushing urinals sold on or after September 1, 2016.
6-7.5-101. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Low-efficiency plumbing fixture" means any of the following plumbing fixtures
that is not a watersense-listed plumbing fixture:
(a) A lavatory faucet;
(b) A shower head;
(c) A flushing urinal; or
(d) A tank-type toilet or tank-type water closet.
(2) "Watersense-listed plumbing fixture" means a plumbing fixture or plumbing fixture
fitting that has been:
(a) Tested by an accredited third-party certifying body or laboratory in accordance with
the federal environmental protection agency's WaterSense program or an analogous successor
program;
(b) Certified by the body or laboratory as meeting the performance and efficiency
requirements of the program; and
(c) Authorized by the program to use its label.
Source: L. 2014: Entire article added (SB 14-103), ch. 384, p. 1876, § 1, effective
August 6.
6-7.5-102. Low-efficiency plumbing fixtures. (1) Effective September 1, 2016, a
person shall not sell a new low-efficiency plumbing fixture in Colorado.
(2) This section does not preempt any action of a city, county, or city and county that
prescribes additional or more restrictive water conservation requirements affecting the sale,
installation, or use of plumbing fixtures if the requirements comply with the standard specified in
subsection (1) of this section.
Source: L. 2014: Entire article added, (SB 14-103), ch. 384, p. 1877, § 1, effective
August 6.
6-7.5-103. Reports - repeal. (Repealed)
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Source: L. 2014: Entire article added, (SB 14-103), ch. 384, p. 1877, § 1, effective
August 6.
Editor's note: Subsection (2) provided for the repeal of this section, effective September
1, 2017. (See L. 2014, p. 1877.)
AGRICULTURAL ASSISTANCE
ARTICLE 8
Assistance to the Agricultural Community
6-8-101 and 6-8-102. (Repealed)
Editor's note: (1) This article was added in 1986 and was not amended prior to its
repeal in 1990. For the text of this article prior to 1990, consult the Colorado statutory research
explanatory note and the table itemizing the replacement volumes and supplements to the
original volume of C.R.S. 1973 beginning on page vii in the front of this volume.
(2) Section 6-8-102 provided for the repeal of this article, effective January 31, 1990.
(See L. 86, p. 434.)
ARTICLE 9
Agricultural Mediation
6-9-101 to 6-9-107. (Repealed)
Editor's note: (1) This article was added in 1987 and was not amended prior to its
repeal in 1989. For the text of this article prior to 1989, consult the Colorado statutory research
explanatory note and the table itemizing the replacement volumes and supplements to the
original volume of C.R.S. 1973 beginning on page vii in the front of this volume.
(2) Section 6-9-107 provided for the repeal of this article, effective January 31, 1989.
(See L. 87, p. 1356.)
ASSIGNMENTS IN GENERAL
ARTICLE 10
Assignments in General
Law reviews: For a discussion of Tenth Circuit decisions dealing with questions of
bankruptcy law, see 67 Den. U. L. Rev. 631 (1990).
6-10-101. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Person" means individuals, partnerships, associations, and corporations.
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(2) "Property" means all goods, chattels and effects, real, personal and mixed property,
money, rights and credits, and choses in action except property which is by law not subject to
levy and sale under execution.
Source: L. 1897: p. 94, § 1. R.S. 08: § 174. C.L. § 6241. CSA: C. 12, § 1. CRS 53: §
11-1-1. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-1.
6-10-102. General assignment. Any person may make a general assignment for the
benefit of his creditors by deed duly acknowledged. When filed for record in the office of the
clerk and recorder of the county where the assignor resides or, if a nonresident, where his
principal place of business is in this state, such deed shall vest in the assignee in trust for the use
and benefit of such creditors all the property of the assignor, excepting only such as is by law not
subject to levy and sale under execution, subject, however, to all valid and subsisting liens.
Source: L. 1897: p. 94, § 2. R.S. 08: § 175. C.L. § 6242. CSA: C. 12, § 2. CRS 53: §
11-1-2. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-2.
6-10-103. Inventory - list of creditors. The assignor shall render to such assignee
within four days from the date of said assignment an inventory under oath, of his property, to the
best of his knowledge, with the estimated value thereof, and also a list of his creditors, giving
their names, residence and post-office address, if known, and the amount of their respective
demands. Such inventory shall not be conclusive of the amount of the assignor's estate nor shall
the omission of any property from such inventory defeat the assignment or conveyance of the
same.
Source: L. 1897: p. 94, § 3. R.S. 08: § 176. C.L. § 6243. CSA: C. 12, § 3. CRS 53: §
11-1-3. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-3.
6-10-104. Assignment for all creditors. No such deed of general assignment of
property by an insolvent, or in contemplation of insolvency, for the benefit of creditors, shall be
valid, unless by its terms it is made for the benefit of all his creditors in proportion to the amount
of their respective claims.
Source: L. 1897: p. 95, § 4. R.S. 08: § 177. C.L. § 6244. CSA: C. 12, § 4. CRS 53: §
11-1-4. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-4.
6-10-105. Assent of creditors presumed. When an assignment of property for the
benefit of all the creditors of the assignor is made, the assent of the creditors shall be presumed.
Source: L. 1897: p. 95, § 5. R.S. 08: § 178. C.L. § 6245. CSA: C. 12, § 5. CRS 53: §
11-1-5. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-5.
6-10-106. Inventory filed where - bond. The assignee shall file with the clerk of the
district court of the county in which such deed of assignment is recorded a true and complete
inventory and valuation of the property of the said assignor, under oath, so far as the same has
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 132 of 210 Uncertified Printout
come to his knowledge, within a period not to exceed six days from the date of the filing of the
deed of assignment; and shall make and file a bond to the state of Colorado, for the use of the
creditors in double the amount of the inventory and valuation, with sureties to be approved by
such clerk for the faithful performance of said trust and for a full and complete accounting for
and of all property that may come into his hands as such assignee. Such assignee has no
authority to sell or dispose of, or convert to the purposes of the trust any part of such estate, until
he has complied with the provisions of this section.
Source: L. 1897: p. 95, § 6. R.S. 08: § 179. C.L. § 6246. CSA: C. 12, § 6. CRS 53: §
11-1-6. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-6. L. 64: p. 206, § 8.
6-10-107. Assignee an officer of court. An assignee named and qualified under this
article shall be deemed to be an officer of court. Any interference with the assignee in the
discharge of his duties is contempt of court, and no suit against the assignee in relation to or
concerning the property assigned shall be instituted against the assignee without first obtaining
permission of the court within and for the county in which the assignment is made.
Source: L. 1897: p. 95, § 7. R.S. 08: § 180. C.L. § 6247. CSA: C. 12, § 7. CRS 53: §
11-1-7. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-7.
6-10-108. Notice of assignment of realty. Where real property or any interest therein is
by deed conveyed to the assignee, the assignee shall forthwith file with the clerk and recorder of
each county where the real estate is situated a notice of the assignment, containing the names of
the assignor and assignee, the date of the deed of assignment, when and where recorded, and a
description of the property in that county affected thereby, and the same shall be constructive
notice to a purchaser or encumbrancer of the transfer of the property in said county, described in
such notice.
Source: L. 1897: p. 96, § 8. R.S. 08: § 181. C.L. § 6248. CSA: C. 12, § 8. CRS 53: §
11-1-8. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-8.
6-10-109. Priority of claims - notice. The assignee shall forthwith give notice of such
assignment by publication for four weeks in some newspaper in the county, if any, and if none,
then in the nearest county thereto. The assignee shall also forthwith send a notice by mail to each
creditor of whom he shall be informed, directed to his usual place of residence, stating the
estimate of the aggregate value of all the property of the assignor, the estimate of the amount of
his liabilities, and notifying each creditor to present his claim, under oath, to the assignee within
three months from the mailing of such notice. It is the duty of each creditor to present his claim
in the manner and within the time mentioned in the notice. Claims filed within the first three
months shall have priority over those filed thereafter, unless a creditor can show, to the
satisfaction of the court, that he never received the notice. Proof of notice by mail shall be made
by affidavit by the assignee giving a list of creditors and the name of the post office where notice
was sent within ten days after the mailing of the same. Proof of the notice by publication shall be
made by affidavit of the printer or publisher within ten days after the last publication or no fees
shall be allowed the assignee for such notice by mail or publication.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 133 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 1897: p. 96, § 9. R.S. 08: § 182. C.L. § 6249. CSA: C. 12, § 9. CRS 53: §
11-1-9. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-9.
Cross references: For clarification of publication terms, see § 24-70-106.
6-10-110. Report of assignee. At the expiration of three months from the time of the
first publication and the mailing of notice, the assignee shall report and file with the clerk of the
court a true and complete list, under oath, of all the creditors of the assignor who have filed their
claims, the place of their residence, the amount claimed, and the amount and value, if any, of any
security held by any such creditor. He shall also file a statement of all his proceedings with
reference to the trust, showing what money has come into his hands and all the disbursements
thereof.
Source: L. 1897: p. 97, § 10. R.S. 08: § 183. C.L. § 6250. CSA: C. 12, § 10. CRS 53: §
11-1-10. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-10.
6-10-111. Exceptions to claims - hearing. Any person interested may appear before a
dividend is made and file with the clerk any exceptions to the claim or demand of any creditor.
The clerk shall immediately cause notice thereof to be given to the creditor which shall be served
and returned as in the case of a summons. Within the time allowed to answer in an action at law,
the creditor shall file his reply. The court shall designate the time for the hearing, and shall at
such time hear the allegations and proof offered and shall render a just judgment thereon.
Source: L. 1897: p. 97, § 11. R.S. 08: § 184. C.L. § 6251. CSA: C. 12, § 11. CRS 53: §
11-1-11. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-11.
6-10-112. Judgment - fee of assignee. If no exception is made to a claim filed or if the
claim has been favorably adjudicated, the court shall enter judgment in favor of the creditor and
against the assignor for the amount claimed and found due, and order the assignee to make from
time to time fair and equal dividends among the creditors, of the assets in his hands, in
proportion to their respective claims, and as soon as may be, to render a full account of said trust
to the court. The court may allow such compensation or commissions, following as nearly as
possible the compensation allowed executors for like services, as may be just and right.
Source: L. 1897: p. 97, § 12. R.S. 08: § 185. C.L. § 6252. CSA: C. 12, § 12. CRS 53: §
11-1-12. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-12.
6-10-113. Application of unclaimed dividends. The dividends of any unsettled
assignment which remain unclaimed for such time as specified in this article after the final
dividend has been decided, upon the application of one or more creditors of such assignor, shall
be paid by the assignee under direction of the court to the known creditors of the assignor after
giving notice to the creditors that a final distribution of all unclaimed dividends is to be made.
Source: L. 05: p. 155, § 1. R.S. 08: § 186. C.L. § 6253. CSA: C. 12, § 13. CRS 53: §
11-1-13. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-13.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 134 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-10-114. Notice of distribution. Such notice shall be by advertisement in two or more
local newspapers of general circulation and by written or printed notices mailed to the latest
address of each creditor. The notice shall state that upon a certain day, not less than three months
from the date of the notice, a final distribution of all the unclaimed dividends will be made to all
creditors as can be found who have filed their respective claims with the assignee within the time
specified by the notice for the filing of such claims. When the time for filing these claims has
expired, the court, after deducting expenses of distribution, shall order the amount of the
unclaimed dividends to be distributed pro rata among those creditors who have filed their claims
for a share in the distribution of any unclaimed dividends in accordance with the provisions of
this article.
Source: L. 05: p. 155, § 1. R.S. 08: § 187. C.L. § 6254. CSA: C. 12, § 12B. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-14. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-14.
6-10-115. Distribution of unclaimed dividends. Dividends remaining unclaimed for
one year or longer after the final dividend has been declared by any assignee shall be distributed,
under direction of the court, to the creditors whose claims have not been paid in full as provided
in this article. If more than enough funds are on hand to pay these creditors in full, the balance
shall be paid to the assignor.
Source: L. 05: p. 156, § 1. R.S. 08: § 188. C.L. § 6255. CSA: C. 12, § 12C. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-15. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-15.
6-10-116. Assignee under supervision of court. The assignee shall be subject to the
order and supervision of the court at all times, and, by citation or attachment, may be compelled,
from time to time, to file reports of his proceedings and the situation and condition of the trust
and to proceed in the faithful execution of the duties required by this article, to keep correct
books of account open to the inspection of the court or any person or his attorney interested in
said estate. All conveyances of real estate and all sales of personal property by the assignee, not
in the usual course of business, as conducted by the assignor, shall be approved by the court
before such sale shall be valid.
Source: L. 1897: p. 98, § 13. R.S. 08: § 189. C.L. § 6256. CSA: C. 12, § 16. CRS 53: §
11-1-16. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-16.
6-10-117. Assignee appointed by court - when. If the assignee named in the deed fails
or neglects to file an inventory and valuation and give bond for the period of ten days after the
making of any assignment, or if he dies before the closing of his trust, or is removed from the
execution of the trust, the court upon the application of any person interested may appoint an
assignee to execute such trust. Such appointee, when he has qualified as provided in this article,
shall have all the rights, powers, and authority and be subject to the same restrictions and
obligations as an original assignee.
Source: L. 1897: p. 98, § 14. R.S. 08: § 190. C.L. § 6257. CSA: C. 12, § 17. CRS 53: §
11-1-17. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-17.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 135 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-10-118. Removal of assignee by court. The court may remove the assignee for
neglect in the execution of the trust, for fraud, for misapplying the trust, or wasting the estate, for
failure to comply with the provisions of this article, or to obey the orders of, or to submit to the
supervision of the court, or for any other good cause shown. The assignee may also be removed
upon the petition of the majority in number and value of the creditors, unless the court is
satisfied that such removal would not be for the best interest of the trust estate.
Source: L. 1897: p. 98, § 15. R.S. 08: § 191. C.L. § 6258. CSA: C. 12, § 18. CRS 53: §
11-1-18. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-18.
6-10-119. Powers of assignee. The assignee has all the rights, power, and authority of
the assignor necessary to fully execute such trust, to demand and sue for any property belonging
to such estate, and to execute valid receipts; and, by deed duly acknowledged by him, in his own
name as assignee, may convey any of the estate, real and personal, subject to approval as stated
in section 6-10-116. Where the assignee has been appointed by the court in place of an assignee
removed, it shall be his duty to compel by suit, or the peremptory order of the court, the delivery
of the trust estate and the property, or the value thereof, that has been wasted or misapplied by
the previous assignee.
Source: L. 1897: p. 98, § 16. R.S. 08: § 192. C.L. § 6259. CSA: C. 12, § 19. CRS 53: §
11-1-19. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-19.
6-10-120. Insufficient sureties. If it is shown to the court at any time that the sureties on
the assignee's bond are not sufficient, the court may order sufficient sureties to be given, and
may compel obedience thereto by removal or otherwise.
Source: L. 1897: p. 99, § 17. R.S. 08: § 193. C.L. § 6260. CSA: C. 12, § 20. CRS 53: §
11-1-20. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-20.
6-10-121. Additional security - when. The assignee, from time to time, shall file with
the clerk of the court an inventory and valuation of any additional property which may come into
his hands after the first inventory; and the judge, or, in his absence, the clerk, may thereupon
require the assignee to give additional security.
Source: L. 1897: p. 99, § 18. R.S. 08: § 194. C.L. § 6261. CSA: C. 12, § 21. CRS 53: §
11-1-21. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-21.
6-10-122. Appearance compelled - when. The court, upon the application of the
assignee, or of any creditor, may compel the appearance in person of the debtor, or any other
witness, before the court, or a commissioner appointed by the court, at any time designated, to
answer under oath such matters as may be inquired of him. Such debtor or other witness may
then be fully examined under oath as to the amount and situation of his property, the payments
and conveyances made by him, and the names and places of residence of creditors and the
amounts due to each. The court, upon like application, may compel the debtor to deliver to the
assignee any property or estate embraced in the assignment.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 136 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 1897: p. 99, § 19. R.S. 08: § 195. C.L. § 6262. CSA: C. 12, § 22. CRS 53: §
11-1-22. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-22.
6-10-123. Misappropriation by debtor. No assignment shall be invalid because of
misappropriation of the property of the debtor by him prior to the assignment, but the assignee
may recover such property, if so misappropriated in fraud of this article. Nothing in this article
shall invalidate any conveyance or mortgage of property, real or personal, by the debtor before
the assignment, made in good faith, for a valid and valuable consideration.
Source: L. 1897: p. 100, § 20. R.S. 08: § 196. C.L. § 6263. CSA: C. 12, § 23. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-23. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-23.
6-10-124. Debts not due - interest. Debts not due may be claimed, but if the same are
not bearing interest, a suitable rebate shall be made. Interest shall be computed to the date of the
assignment and not afterwards.
Source: L. 1897: p. 100, § 21. R.S. 08: § 197. C.L. § 6264. CSA: C. 12, § 24. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-24. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-24.
6-10-125. Creditors may appoint an attorney. The majority in number and value of
the creditors may appoint, in writing, an attorney-at-law to represent the estate before the court.
The attorney, if appointed, shall examine all reports and inventories and books of the assignee
and inquire fully as to the conduct of the assignee in the discharge of his trust. He may appear
for the assignee in all suits in behalf of the assignee in securing, preserving, or defending the
estate, but shall appear in behalf of the creditors in all suits, examinations, or inquiries as to the
accounts or the conduct of the assignee concerning the estate. The court may allow such
compensation to the attorney as may be just and reasonable.
Source: L. 1897: p. 100, § 22. R.S. 08: § 198. C.L. § 6265. CSA: C. 12, § 25. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-25. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-25.
6-10-126. Waiver of proceedings by parties. At any time after an assignment has been
made, the assignor, the creditors, and the assignee of such assignor may agree in writing that all
proceedings to be had before the court under the provisions of this article, may be waived. Upon
the filing of such agreement with the clerk of the proper court, the court shall cease to have any
further jurisdiction over such assignment and the proceedings thereunder, and the assignee shall
no longer be held accountable to the court. The creditors and the assignee, with the consent of
the assignor, in writing, may make such disposition of the assigned estate and arrangements in
reference thereto as to them shall seem proper in the premises.
Source: L. 1897: p. 100, § 23. R.S. 08: § 199. C.L. § 6266. CSA: C. 12, § 12. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-26. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-26.
6-10-127. Final report - notice - discharge. (Repealed)
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 137 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 1897: p. 101, § 24. R.S. 08: § 200. C.L. § 6267. CSA: C. 12, § 27. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-27. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-27. L. 78: Entire section repealed, p. 253, § 5, effective May 23.
6-10-128. Trust closed in one year. The assignee shall close his trust within one year
from the filing of the deed of assignment unless the court for good cause shown, extends the
time.
Source: L. 1897: p. 101, § 25. R.S. 08: § 201. C.L. § 6268. CSA: C. 12, § 28. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-28. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-28.
6-10-129. Property exempt from assignment. No deed of assignment shall be invalid
which excepts from the operation thereof the property which by law is not subject to levy and
sale under execution.
Source: L. 1897: p. 101, § 26. R.S. 08: § 202. C.L. § 6269. CSA: C. 12, § 29. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-29. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-29.
6-10-130. Preferred claims. The valid claims of servants, laborers, and employees of
the assignor, for wages earned during the six months immediately preceding the date of the
assignment, not to exceed fifty dollars, to any one person then unpaid, which claims are still held
by the person who earned them, and all taxes assessed under the laws of this state, or of the
United States, are preferred claims and shall be paid in full prior to the payment of the dividends
in favor of other creditors.
Source: L. 1897: p. 101, § 27. R.S. 08: § 203. C.L. § 6270. CSA: C. 12, § 30. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-30. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-30.
6-10-131. Action on bond of assignee. Any creditor may maintain an action on the
bond of the assignee, for any damages such creditor may have sustained, by reason of assignee's
acts or his failure to act.
Source: L. 1897: p. 101, § 28. R.S. 08: § 204. C.L. § 6271. CSA: C. 12, § 31. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-31. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-31.
6-10-132. Foreclosure of mortgage on property. No mortgage, deed of trust, or other
security, real or personal, securing the payment of claims against the assigned estate shall be
foreclosed within one year from the making of the assignment except upon order of court. No
such mortgage, deed of trust, or other security shall be foreclosed except by suit, unless the claim
secured is first proved and allowed by such court. When such claim is so proved and allowed,
the court may order a foreclosure of the mortgage, deed of trust, or other security within one year
from the making of the assignment. The lien of the mortgage, trust deed, or other security
affected by this article shall not be impaired by the suspension of the remedy provided in this
section.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 138 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 1897: p. 101, § 29. R.S. 08: § 205. C.L. § 6272. CSA: C. 12, § 32. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-32. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-32.
6-10-133. Effect of general assignment. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 102, § 30. R.S. 08: § 206. C.L. § 6273. CSA: C. 12, § 33. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-33. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-33. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-134. Application of assignor for discharge. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 102, § 31. R.S. 08: § 207. C.L. § 6274. CSA: C. 12, § 34. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-34. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-34. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-135. Form of affidavit annexed to application. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 103, § 32. R.S. 08: § 208. C.L. § 6275. CSA: C. 12, § 35. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-35. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-35. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-136. Order to show cause - when. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 104, § 33. R.S. 08: § 209. C.L. § 6276. CSA: C. 12, § 36. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-36. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-36. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-137. Hearing - proof of notice - issues. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 105, § 34. R.S. 08: § 210. C.L. § 6277. CSA: C. 12, § 37. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-37. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-37. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-138. Jury trial - when. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 105, § 35. R.S. 08: § 211. C.L. § 6278. CSA: C. 12, § 38. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-38. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-38. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-139. Jury drawn as in civil cases. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 106, § 36. R.S. 08: § 212. C.L. § 6279. CSA: C. 12, § 39. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-39. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-39. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-140. Verdict recorded - costs. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 106, § 37. R.S. 08: § 213. C.L. § 6280. CSA: C. 12, § 40. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-40. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-40. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-141. Court decides if jury disagrees. (Repealed)
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 139 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 1897: p. 106, § 38. R.S. 08: § 214. C.L. § 6281. CSA: C. 12, § 41. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-41. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-41. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-142. Evidence at hearing. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 106, § 39. R.S. 08: § 215. C.L. § 6282. CSA: C. 12, § 42. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-42. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-42. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-143. Jurisdiction of creditors - when. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 106, § 40. R.S. 08: § 216. C.L. § 6283. CSA: C. 12, § 43. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-43. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-43. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-144. Discharge of assignor - when. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 107, § 41. R.S. 08: § 217. C.L. § 6284. CSA: C. 12, § 44. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-44. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-44. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-145. Discharge - qualifications - exceptions. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 107, § 41. R.S. 08: § 217. C.L. § 6284. CSA: C. 12, § 44. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-45. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-45. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-146. Judgment upon discharge - release. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 108, § 42. R.S. 08: § 218. C.L. § 6285. CSA: C. 12, § 45. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-46. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-46. L. 67: p. 992, §§ 2, 4. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292,
§ 1, effective May 26.
6-10-147. Discharge bars subsequent action. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 109, § 43. R.S. 08: § 219. C.L. § 6286. CSA: C. 12, § 46. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-47. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-47. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-148. Appeal - bond. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 109, § 44. R.S. 08: § 220. C.L. § 6287. CSA: C. 12, § 47. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-48. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-48. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-149. Joint debtor not released. (Repealed)
Source: L. 1897: p. 110, § 45. R.S. 08: § 221. C.L. § 6288. CSA: C. 12, § 48. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-49. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-49. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-150. Property not affected. (Repealed)
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 140 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 1897: p. 110, § 46. R.S. 08: § 222. C.L. § 6289. CSA: C. 12, § 49. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-50. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-50. L. 77: Entire section repealed, p. 292, § 1, effective May 26.
6-10-151. Jurisdiction of district court. The district court in the proper county has
jurisdiction in the matter of assignments and petitions for discharge under this article.
Source: L. 1897: p. 110, § 47. R.S. 08: § 223. C.L. § 6290. CSA: C. 12, § 50. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-51. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-51. L. 64: p. 206, § 9.
6-10-152. Colorado rules of civil procedure apply. The provisions of the Colorado
rules of civil procedure shall be applicable, except as otherwise provided in this article, and shall
control in all proceedings under this article.
Source: L. 1897: p. 110, § 49. R.S. 08: § 225. C.L. § 6292. CSA: C. 12, § 52. CRS 53:
§ 11-1-53. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-53.
6-10-153. Property under jurisdiction of court. In all assignments for the benefit of
creditors made in this state, the district court in and for the county in which such deed of
assignment is recorded as now provided by law has full power and complete jurisdiction over all
the property, real, personal, and mixed, conveyed by such assignment from the date of the
making of the same. The court may make any order in reference to any part or all of the property
embraced in the estate and the disposition thereof by the assignee which to the court seems just
and equitable, and all such orders shall be legal and binding upon the assignor, the assignee, and
creditors of the estate whether or not any notice is given of the application therefor or the order
so made; except that the court may in its discretion require notice of such an application so made
to be given in reference to any matter that may come before it for hearing, and in such case it
shall direct, by an order, the form and manner of giving such notice so required by it.
Source: L. 1897: p. 111, § 1. R.S. 08: § 226. C.L. § 6293. CSA: C. 12, § 53. CRS 53: §
11-1-54. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-54. L. 64: p. 207, § 10.
6-10-154. Disposition of property when no market. When any difficulty is
encountered by the assignee in converting the assigned property of any assignment, or any part
thereof, into cash on account of there being no sufficient market therefor, or for any other good
reason, the court may direct by such order as described in section 6-10-153 the distribution of
such property in kind among the creditors electing to take property. Creditors not electing to take
property shall be paid an equal pro rata in cash, fixing by appraisement or sworn evidence in
courts such price or value upon each piece, parcel, or item of property as shall make it bear and
pay its proportion of the entire indebtedness of the estate, and as shall be just and equitable
between the assignor and the creditors and all persons interested in the assigned estate. When the
court authorizes the assignee to exchange such property in payment of the proved indebtedness
of the estate at the prices so fixed, and when, in the opinion of the court, the best interests of the
estate are promoted thereby, it may order the assignee to first offer such property at public
auction; and, in that case, it shall provide by its order the kind and form of notice to be given of
such sale. The assignee at such sale shall offer and sell the property to the highest and best
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 141 of 210 Uncertified Printout
bidder therefor in proved accounts against the estate, and he shall not accept any bid lower than
the price fixed by the court on the property so offered.
Source: L. 1897: p. 112, § 2. R.S. 08: § 227. C.L. § 6294. CSA: C. 12, § 54. CRS 53: §
11-1-55. C.R.S. 1963: § 11-1-55.
PATENTS - PROHIBITED COMMUNICATION
ARTICLE 12
Prohibited Communication Concerning Patents
Cross references: For the legislative declaration in HB 15-1063, see section 1 of chapter
309, Session Laws of Colorado 2015.
6-12-101. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Affiliated person" means a person under common ownership or control of an
intended recipient.
(2) "Intended recipient" means a person who purchases, rents, leases, or otherwise
obtains a product or service in the commercial market that is not for resale in the ordinary
business and that is, or later becomes, the subject of a patent infringement allegation.
Source: L. 2015: Entire article added, (HB 15-1063), ch. 309, p. 1264, § 2, effective
August 5.
6-12-102. Bad faith patent infringement communications - prohibition. (1) A person
shall not, in connection with the assertion of a United States patent, send or cause any person to
send any written or electronic communication that states that the intended recipient or any
affiliated person is infringing or has infringed a patent and bears liability or owes compensation
to another person, if such communication is in bad faith. A court may consider one or more of
the following conditions as evidence that a person or the person's affiliate has, in bad faith,
alleged, asserted, or claimed an infringement of a patent:
(a) The communication falsely states that litigation has been filed against the intended
recipient or any affiliated person;
(b) The assertions contained in the communication lack a reasonable basis in fact or law.
A court may consider one or more of the following factors as evidence that a communication
lacks a reasonable basis in fact or law:
(I) The person asserting the patent is not the person, or does not represent the person,
with the current right to license the patent to, or to enforce the patent against, the intended
recipient or any affiliated person;
(II) The communication seeks compensation for a patent that has been held to be invalid
or unenforceable in a final, unappealable or unappealed judicial or administrative decision;
(III) The communication seeks compensation on account of activities undertaken after
the patent has expired; or
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(IV) The content of the communication fails to include such information necessary to
inform an intended recipient or any affiliated person about the patent assertion by failing to
include any one of the following:
(A) The identity of the person asserting a right to license the patent to or enforce the
patent against the intended recipient or any affiliated person;
(B) The patent number issued by the United States patent and trademark office alleged to
have been infringed; or
(C) The factual allegations concerning the specific areas in which the intended recipient
or affiliated person's products, services, or technology infringed the patent or are covered by the
claims in the patent.
Source: L. 2015: Entire article added, (HB 15-1063), ch. 309, p. 1264, § 2, effective
August 5.
6-12-103. Exclusions. (1) It is not a violation of this article for any person who owns or
has the right of license or enforcement of a patent to:
(a) Notify another of that ownership or right of license or enforcement;
(b) Notify another that a patent is available for license or sale;
(c) Notify another that the claim for infringement of the patent is pursuant to 35 U.S.C.
sec. 271 (e)(2) or 42 U.S.C. sec. 262; or
(d) Seek compensation on account of past or present infringement, or for a license to the
patent, when, after an objectively good faith investigation, it is reasonable to believe that the
person from whom compensation is sought may owe such compensation.
(2) The provisions of this article do not apply to any written or electronic
communication sent by:
(a) Any owner of a patent who is using the patent in connection with substantial
research, development, production, manufacturing, processing, or delivery of products or
materials;
(b) Any institution of higher education; or
(c) Any technology transfer organization whose primary purpose is to facilitate the
commercialization of technology developed by an institution of higher education.
(3) The provisions of this article do not apply to a demand letter or civil action that
includes a claim for relief arising under 35 U.S.C. section 271 (e)(2) after an objectively good
faith investigation.
Source: L. 2015: Entire article added, (HB 15-1063), ch. 309, p. 1265, § 2, effective
August 5.
6-12-104. Enforcement. (1) The attorney general has the sole authority to enforce this
article and to conduct civil investigations and bring civil actions for violations of this article.
(2) If the attorney general has reasonable cause to believe that a person has engaged in
an act that is subject to this article, the attorney general may make an investigation to determine
if the act has been committed, and, to the extent necessary for this purpose, may administer oaths
or affirmations, and, upon his or her own motion or upon request of any party, may subpoena
witnesses and compel their attendance, adduce evidence, and require the production of any
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 143 of 210 Uncertified Printout
matter that is relevant to the investigation, including the existence, description, nature, custody,
condition, and location of any books, documents, or other tangible things and the identity and
location of persons having knowledge of relevant facts, or any other matter reasonably
calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. In any civil action brought by the
attorney general as a result of such an investigation, the attorney general may recover the
reasonable costs of making the investigation if the attorney general prevails in the action.
(3) If the person's records are located outside this state, the person at his or her option
shall either make them available to the attorney general at a convenient location within this state
or pay the reasonable and necessary expenses for the attorney general or the attorney general's
representative to examine them at the place where they are maintained. The attorney general may
designate representatives, including comparable officials of the state in which the records are
located, to inspect them on the attorney general's behalf.
(4) Upon failure without lawful excuse to obey a subpoena or to give testimony, the
attorney general may apply to the district court for an order compelling compliance.
(5) The attorney general shall not make public the name or identity of a person whose
acts or conduct he or she investigates pursuant to this section or the facts disclosed in the
investigation, but this subsection (5) does not apply to disclosures in actions or enforcement
proceedings pursuant to this article.
(6) Whenever the attorney general has cause to believe that a person has engaged in or is
engaging in any violation of this article, the attorney general may apply for and obtain, in an
action in the appropriate district court of this state, a temporary restraining order or injunction, or
both, pursuant to the Colorado rules of civil procedure, prohibiting such person from continuing
such practices, or engaging therein, or doing any act in furtherance thereof. The court may make
such orders or judgments as may be necessary to prevent the violation of this article or which
may be necessary to completely compensate or restore to the original position of any person
injured by means of any such violation or to prevent any unjust enrichment by any person
through the violation of this article.
(7) Any person who violates or causes another to violate any provision of this article
shall forfeit and pay to the general fund of the state a civil penalty of not more than five thousand
dollars for each such violation.
(8) A court shall award costs, attorney fees, and expert witness fees to the attorney
general in all actions where the attorney general successfully enforces this article.
Source: L. 2015: Entire article added, (HB 15-1063), ch. 309, p. 1266, § 2, effective
August 5.
ENFORCEMENT OF NONDRAMATIC MUSIC COPYRIGHTS
ARTICLE 13
Enforcement of Music Copyrights
PART 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
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6-13-101. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Copyright owner" means the owner of a copyright of a nondramatic musical or
similar work recognized and enforceable under the copyright laws of the United States (17
U.S.C. sec. 101 et seq.). "Copyright owner" and "similar work" shall not include the owner of a
copyright in a motion picture or audiovisual work, or in part of a motion picture or audiovisual
work.
(2) "Nondramatic" means the public performance of a recorded, broadcast, or live
musical work; except that "nondramatic" shall not mean the performance of a dramatic work
including a play.
(3) "Performing rights society" means an association or corporation that licenses the
public performance of nondramatic musical works on behalf of copyright owners such as the
American society of composers, authors and publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI),
and SESAC, Inc.
(4) "Proprietor" means the owner of a retail establishment, including, but not limited to,
a restaurant, bar, sports facility, or other place of business where nondramatic musical or similar
copyrighted works may be performed, broadcast, or otherwise transmitted for the enjoyment of
members of the general public.
(5) "Royalty" or "royalties" means the fees payable to a copyright owner or performing
rights society for the public performance of nondramatic musical or other similar work.
Source: L. 95: Entire article added, p. 1263, § 1, effective July 1.
6-13-102. Scope of article. (1) (a) This article 13 applies only to the following:
(I) A contract entered into between a performing rights society and a proprietor; and
(II) Investigations and negotiations related to a contract or prospective contract between
a performing rights society and a proprietor.
(b) The rights, remedies, and prohibitions accorded by this article 13 are in addition to
any other right, remedy, or prohibition accorded by common law, federal law, or the laws of this
state and do not deny, abrogate, or impair any such common-law or statutory right, remedy, or
prohibition.
(2) This article shall not apply to:
(a) A contract entered into between a performing rights society and a broadcaster
licensed by the federal communications commission;
(b) Conduct described in sections 18-4-602, 18-4-603, and 18-4-604, C.R.S.
Source: L. 95: Entire article added, p. 1264, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2017: (1) amended,
(HB 17-1092), ch. 78, p. 245, § 1, effective August 9.
6-13-103. Payment of royalties - contract requirements. (1) A copyright owner or
performing rights society may enter into a contract requiring the payment of royalties by a
proprietor only if, at least three business days before the execution of the contract, the following
information is provided to the proprietor, in writing:
(a) A description of the rules and terms of royalties required to be paid under the
contract;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 145 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(b) A schedule of the rates and a description of the terms of royalties required to be paid
under agreements executed by the copyright owner or performing rights society;
(c) In the case of a performing rights society, information concerning how to obtain a
current list of the copyright owners represented by that society and the works licensed under the
contract. Such list shall be made available within fourteen days by electronic means. A
proprietor shall not be charged an amount in excess of the actual cost incurred by the performing
rights society for providing such list.
(d) Notice, in a form prescribed by the attorney general, that the proprietor is entitled to
the information contained in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this subsection (1), and that the
failure to provide such information shall make the performing rights society subject to the
penalty provisions in section 6-13-104.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1) of this section, a proprietor may, in its sole discretion
and without coercion or undue influence, execute a contract for the payment of royalties before
the expiration of the three-business-day review period.
(3) A proprietor has the right to rescind a contract for the payment of royalties for three
business days after execution of the contract.
(4) To be enforceable, a contract for the payment of royalties by a proprietor to a
copyright owner or performing rights society must:
(a) Be in writing;
(b) Be signed by the parties;
(c) Include at least the following information:
(I) The proprietor's name and business address and the name and location of each place
of business to which the contract applies;
(II) The name and address of the performing rights society authorized to act on behalf of
a copyright owner;
(III) The duration of the contract, which shall not exceed one year, but which may be
automatically extended for additional terms which do not exceed one year, unless otherwise
mutually agreed upon;
(IV) The schedule of rates and terms of royalties to be collected under the contract,
including any sliding scale or schedule for any increase or decrease of such rates for the duration
of the contract;
(V) Notice of the three-business-day rescission period described in subsection (3) of this
section.
(d) Not charge a proprietor royalties for public performances, at the establishment, of
nondramatic musical works for which another entity has entered into a license with the
performing rights society that covers the performances by the proprietor.
(5) A copyright owner, a performing rights society, or an agent, representative, or
employee of a copyright owner or performing rights society shall not:
(a) Enter onto the premises of a proprietor's business for the purpose of discussing with
the proprietor or the employees of the proprietor a contract for the payment of royalties or the
use of copyrighted works without first identifying himself or herself to the proprietor or the
employees of the proprietor and making known the purpose of the visit;
(b) Collect or attempt to collect a royalty payment or other fee pursuant to a contract that
does not meet the requirements of this section;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 146 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(c) Engage in any coercive conduct or unfair or deceptive act or practice that is
substantially disruptive of a proprietor's business;
(d) Use or attempt to use any unfair or deceptive act or practice in negotiating with a
proprietor.
(6) Nothing in this article shall be construed to prohibit a performing rights society from
conducting investigations to determine the existence of music use by a proprietor or informing a
proprietor of the proprietor's obligations under the copyright laws of the United States (17 U.S.C.
sec. 101 et seq.).
Source: L. 95: Entire article added, p. 1264, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2017: IP(1), (2), (3),
IP(4), (4)(c)(V), and IP(5) amended and (4)(d) added, (HB 17-1092), ch. 78, p. 245, § 2,
effective August 9.
6-13-104. Violations - penalties. (1) A proprietor may bring an action in a court of
competent jurisdiction or assert a counterclaim against a copyright owner or performing rights
society to enjoin a violation of this article and recover any damages sustained as a result of such
violation.
(2) The prevailing party in any action brought under this article 13 shall be awarded
reasonable attorney fees. If the prevailing party is a proprietor, the proprietor may also recover
the reasonable costs of the action and treble damages, but in no event shall the proprietor be
awarded less than two thousand dollars.
(3) A proprietor shall not bring a counterclaim against any party except the original
complainant, and if such complainant is a performing rights society, a counterclaim shall not be
brought against any copyright owner in his or her individual capacity.
Source: L. 95: Entire article added, p. 1266, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2017: (2) amended,
(HB 17-1092), ch. 78, p. 246, § 3, effective August 9.
PART 2
REQUIRED DISCLOSURES
6-13-201. Filing and online publication of contracts and royalty schedules. (1) A
performing rights society shall annually file with the secretary of state an electronic copy of each
form contract licensing the public performance of the nondramatic musical works in the
performing rights society's repertory to proprietors in the state of Colorado, together with the
applicable schedule of royalty rates payable under each form contract. The secretary of state
shall post the information filed in accordance with this subsection (1) on the secretary of state's
website. The secretary of state has no duty to determine whether the documents filed comply
with the requirements of this article 13 or to determine the performing rights society's
compliance with this article 13.
(2) A performing rights society shall also make available, at no charge, both the
contracts and schedules of royalty rates that are required to be filed with the secretary of state in
accordance with subsection (1) of this section to any proprietor within Colorado via a link to the
society's website from the secretary of state's website.
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(3) Upon request of the secretary of state, each performing rights society shall provide to
the secretary of state information on a proprietor's rights and responsibilities regarding the public
performance of nondramatic musical works, and the secretary of state shall post the information
on the secretary of state's website.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1092), ch. 78, p. 246, § 4, effective August
9.
6-13-202. Catalog of musical works - publication by performing rights society. (1)
(a) A performing rights society shall publish a list online of all nondramatic musical works the
performing rights society licenses for performance in a retail establishment.
(b) To comply with this section, the list of nondramatic musical works must be:
(I) Updated within thirty business days after adding or subtracting a nondramatic
musical work; and
(II) Made available, without charge, to any proprietor within Colorado and to the
secretary of state on a website or using a substantially similar or superior technology for
communicating the information, at no charge, to the public.
(2) A performing rights society licensing musical works in Colorado shall file the
address of the website or substantially similar or superior technology with the secretary of state,
who shall publish the website address of the list published in accordance with subsection (1)(a)
of this section on the secretary of state's website or using a substantially similar or superior
technology for communicating the information, at no charge, to the public.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1092), ch. 78, p. 247, § 4, effective August
9.
6-13-203. Violations. (1) A performing rights society shall not enter into a contract that
is subject to this article 13 without either:
(a) Publishing the disclosures required by this part 2; or
(b) Making the filings required by this part 2.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1092), ch. 78, p. 247, § 4, effective August
9.
6-13-204. Royalties and catalog of musical works - material information. The
contracts and schedule of royalties submitted to the secretary of state in accordance with section
6-13-201 and the list of all nondramatic musical works published online in accordance with
section 6-13-202 constitute material information for purposes of section 6-1-105 (1)(u).
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1092), ch. 78, p. 247, § 4, effective August
9.
ART TRANSACTIONS
ARTICLE 15
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Art Transactions
PART 1
CONSIGNMENT OF WORKS OF FINE ART
6-15-101. Definitions. As used in this part 1, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Art dealer" means a person engaged in the business of selling works of fine art,
other than a person exclusively engaged in the business of selling goods at public auction.
(2) "Artist" means the creator of a work of fine art.
(3) "On consignment" means that no title to or estate in the goods or right to possession
thereof superior to that of the consignor vests in the consignee, notwithstanding the consignee's
power or authority to transfer and convey all of the right, title, and interest of the consignor, in
and to such goods to a third person.
(4) "Work of fine art" or "work" means:
(a) A work of visual art such as a painting, sculpture, drawing, mosaic, or photograph;
(b) A work of calligraphy;
(c) A work of graphic art such as an etching, a lithograph, an offset print, a silk screen,
or any other work of similar nature;
(d) A craft work in materials, including but not limited to clay, textile, fiber, wood,
metal, plastic, or glass;
(e) A work in mixed media such as collage or any combination of the art media set forth
in this subsection (4).
Source: L. 82: Entire article added, p. 229, § 1, effective March 25. L. 2017: IP
amended, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 605, § 2, effective August 9.
6-15-102. Art dealers and artists - consignment of works of fine art. (1)
Notwithstanding any custom, practice, or usage of the trade and any of the provisions of section
4-2-326, C.R.S., to the contrary, whenever an artist delivers or causes to be delivered a work of
fine art of his own creation to an art dealer for the purpose of exhibition or sale on a commission,
fee, or other basis of compensation, the delivery to and acceptance thereof by the art dealer is
deemed to place the work on consignment and:
(a) Such art dealer shall thereafter, with respect to the work, be deemed to be the agent
of such artist;
(b) Such work is trust property in the hands of the consignee for the benefit of the
consignor; and
(c) Any proceeds from the sale of the work are trust funds in the hands of the consignee
for the benefit of the consignor.
(2) Notwithstanding the subsequent purchase of a work of fine art by the consignee
directly or indirectly for his own account, the work initially received on consignment shall be
deemed to remain trust property until the price is paid in full to the consignor. If such work is
thereafter resold to a bona fide third party before the consignor has been paid in full, the
proceeds of the resale are trust funds in the hands of the consignee for the benefit of the
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 149 of 210 Uncertified Printout
consignor to the extent necessary to pay any balance still due to the consignor, and such
trusteeship shall continue until the fiduciary obligation of the consignee with respect to such
transaction is discharged in full.
(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of the "Uniform Commercial Code - Sales", no such
trust property or trust funds shall be subject to or subordinate to any claims, liens, or security
interests of the consignee's creditors.
(4) An art dealer is strictly liable for the loss of or damage to a work of fine art while it
is in his possession. The value of the work of fine art is, for the purposes of this subsection (4),
the value established in a written agreement between the artist and the art dealer prior to the loss
or damage of the work.
Source: L. 82: Entire article added, p. 230, § 1, effective March 25. L. 95: (4) amended,
p. 192, § 2, effective April 13.
Editor's note: Changes in the internal numbering and lettering of subsection (1) were
made on revision in 1998 to conform to standard C.R.S. format.
Cross references: For the provisions in the "Uniform Commercial Code" concerning
sales, see article 2 of title 4.
6-15-103. Penalties. A violation by an art dealer of any of the provisions of this part 1
shall render the art dealer liable for damages to the artist in an amount equal to fifty dollars plus
the actual damages sustained by the artist, including incidental and consequential damages. In
such an action reasonable attorney fees and court costs shall be paid to the prevailing party.
Source: L. 82: Entire article added, p. 230, § 1, effective March 25. L. 2017: Entire
section amended, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 605, § 3, effective August 9.
6-15-104. Applicability. (1) This part 1 shall not apply to any contract or arrangement
in existence prior to March 25, 1982, nor to any extensions or renewals thereof; except that the
parties to the contract or arrangement may thereafter elect to be governed by the provisions of
this part 1.
(2) Any provision, whether oral or written, in or pertaining to the placing of a work of
fine art on consignment whereby any provision of this part 1 is waived shall be deemed to be
against public policy and shall be void.
Source: L. 82: Entire article added, p. 230, § 1, effective March 25. L. 2017: Entire
section amended, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 605, § 4, effective August 9.
PART 2
INDIAN ARTS AND CRAFTS SALES
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Editor's note: This part 2 was added with relocations in 2017. Former C.R.S. section
numbers are shown in editor's notes following those sections that were relocated. For a detailed
comparison of this part 2, see the comparative tables located in the back of the index.
6-15-201. Short title. The short title of this part 2 is the "Indian Arts and Crafts Sales
Act".
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 602, § 1, effective August
9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44.5-101 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-15-202. Legislative declaration. The purpose of this part 2 is to protect the public
from false representation in the sale or offering for sale of authentic Indian and other arts and
crafts.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 602, § 1, effective August
9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44.5-102 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-15-203. Definitions. As used in this part 2, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Authentic Indian arts and crafts" means any product that is handcrafted by Indian
labor or workmanship and is not made from synthetic or artificial materials.
(2) "Findings" means the smaller component parts of a handcrafted item, such as clasps,
glass, silver, or synthetic beads, stamped parts not used as a major part of a handcrafted item,
leather backings, binding materials, and other ingredient parts not a major part of a handcrafted
item.
(3) "Handcrafted" means the production of a product wholly by hand tools, with the
exception of buffing or polishing and the findings used upon the products.
(4) "Other arts and crafts" means any product that is represented as an Indian design or
product but is not handcrafted by Indian labor or workmanship or that is made by machine or
from synthetic or artificial materials.
(5) "Imitation turquoise" means any artificial compound or mineral manufactured or
treated so as to closely approximate turquoise in composition or color or any other mineral
represented as turquoise when in fact it is not.
(6) "Indian" means any person who is enrolled or is a lineal descendent of one enrolled
upon an enrollment listing of the bureau of Indian affairs or upon the enrollment listing of a
recognized Indian tribe domiciled in the United States or a person recognized by any Indian tribe
as being Indian.
(7) "Indian tribe" means any Indian tribe, organized band, or pueblo that is domiciled in
the United States.
(8) "Natural" means the status of a mineral component, used in the preparation of
authentic Indian arts and crafts, that does not include any chemical alteration or discoloration.
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(9) "Plasticized" means the process through which natural turquoise of a soft, porous
nature is altered by impregnating it with acrylic resin or any other substance of a similar nature
to produce a change in coloration of the turquoise and allow it to accept a polished finish.
(10) "Represented" means the presentation of a product in words, description, state of
being, or symbols when the product is offered for sale, trade, exchange, or purchase.
(11) "Spin cast" means the casting of jewelry components, other than findings, by means
of centrifugal force.
(12) "Stabilized" means the chemical process through which natural turquoise of a soft,
porous nature is altered to produce a change in the coloration of the natural mineral.
(13) "Treated" means any chemical process through which a natural turquoise is altered
to produce a change in coloration of the natural mineral.
(14) "Turquoise" means a blue, green, greenish-blue, or sky-blue mineral, containing
phosphorus, aluminum, copper, and iron, used as a gemstone in its cut and polished form.
(15) "Unnatural" means the status of any mineral compound or substance that is not
natural or that has been chemically altered, including a stabilized, plasticized, or treated mineral
and imitation turquoise.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 602, § 1, effective August
9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44.5-103 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-15-204. Inquiry as to producer. (1) It is the duty of every person selling or offering
for sale at retail authentic Indian arts and crafts or other arts and crafts to the general public to
make due inquiry of their suppliers concerning the methods used in producing the arts and crafts
and to determine whether the arts and crafts are in fact authentic.
(2) It is hereby made the duty of every person selling or offering for sale at retail to the
general public natural or unnatural turquoise to make due inquiry of their suppliers concerning
the source, grade, and quality of the turquoise for resale.
(3) If the supplier cannot authenticate to the seller the origin and process of manufacture
regarding the Indian arts and crafts to be sold or traded to the seller, the seller shall not sell the
arts and crafts to the general public as authentic Indian arts and crafts.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 604, § 1, effective August
9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44.5-104 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-15-205. Unlawful acts. (1) A person shall not knowingly:
(a) Sell or offer for sale any products represented as authentic Indian arts and crafts
unless the products are in fact authentic Indian arts and crafts;
(b) Sell or offer to sell any authentic Indian arts and crafts purporting to be silver unless
the products are made of coin silver or sterling silver that is not less than ninety-percent pure
silver by weight or unless the person provides a statement to the purchaser at retail concerning
the content of the silver used in the arts or crafts;
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(c) Sell or offer to sell any authentic Indian arts and crafts that are not separately
displayed from other arts and crafts and the authentic Indian arts and crafts are not clearly
designated with a tag attached to each product and containing the words "Authentic Indian" in
letters not less than one-quarter inch high or, if the authentic Indian arts and crafts can clearly be
labeled by the use of a display card, then in lieu of tagging each article the person may label the
authentic Indian arts and crafts with a printed display card in letters not less than one-half inch in
height and containing the words "Authentic Indian". The label or display card shall be
maintained with the related crafts in an area separate from other arts and crafts so as to clearly
designate the authentic Indian arts and crafts.
(d) Sell or offer to sell spin cast components of authentic Indian jewelry, other than
findings, or use spin cast components in authentic Indian jewelry unless the jewelry is labeled as
being so cast in its manufacture.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 604, § 1, effective August
9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44.5-105 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-15-206. Unfair trade practices. (1) A person shall not:
(a) Use a false or misleading statement, written or oral, or the lack thereof, a visual
description or the lack thereof, or any representation or lack thereof made in connection with the
sale or trade of Indian arts and crafts in the regular course of trade or commerce with the intent
to deceive or mislead any person;
(b) Falsely represent turquoise being sold as having characteristics, elements, or qualities
it does not have;
(c) Falsely represent turquoise being sold as natural turquoise if in fact it is in an
unnatural state;
(d) Make a false or misleading statement of fact concerning the price or value for the
purpose of selling or trading turquoise.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 604, § 1, effective August
9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44.5-106 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-15-207. Violations - penalty. Any person who knowingly violates any of the
provisions of section 6-15-205 or 6-15-206 commits a class 1 misdemeanor and shall be
punished as provided in section 18-1.3-501.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 605, § 1, effective August
9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44.5-107 as it existed prior to 2017.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 153 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-15-208. Right of action - damages. In addition to any judicial relief, any person who
suffers financial injury or damages by reason of anything forbidden in this part 2 may sue in
district court and may recover actual damages sustained by him or her and the cost of suit,
including reasonable attorney fees.
Source: L. 2017: Entire part added, (HB 17-1241), ch. 163, p. 605, § 1, effective August
9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44.5-108 as it existed prior to 2017.
CHARITABLE SOLICITATIONS
ARTICLE 16
Colorado Charitable Solicitations Act
6-16-101. Short title. This article shall be known and may be cited as the "Colorado
Charitable Solicitations Act".
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 350, § 1, effective July 1.
6-16-102. Legislative declaration. The general assembly hereby finds that fraudulent
charitable solicitations are a widespread practice in this state that results in millions of dollars of
losses to contributors and legitimate charities each year. Legitimate charities are harmed by such
fraud because the money available for contributions continually is being siphoned off by
fraudulent charities, and the goodwill and confidence of contributors continually is being
undermined by the practices of unscrupulous solicitors. The general assembly further finds that
legitimate charities provide many public benefits and that charitable donations are a direct result
of public trust in charities. The general assembly therefore finds that the provisions of this
article, including those involving pertinent information to be filed in a timely manner by
charitable organizations and disclosures to be made by paid solicitors, are necessary to protect
the public's interest in making informed choices as to which charitable causes should be
supported. Furthermore, these provisions are intended to help the secretary of state investigate
allegations of wrongdoing in charities, without having a chilling effect on donors who wish to
give anonymously or requiring public disclosure of confidential information about charities.
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 350, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2008: Entire section
amended, p. 806, § 1, effective September 1.
6-16-103. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Charitable organization" means any person who is or holds himself out to be
established for any benevolent, educational, philanthropic, humane, scientific, patriotic, social
welfare or advocacy, public health, environmental conservation, civic, or other eleemosynary
purpose, any person who operates for the benefit of the objectives of law enforcement officers,
firefighters, other persons who protect the public safety, or veterans, or any person who in any
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 154 of 210 Uncertified Printout
manner employs a charitable appeal or an appeal which suggests that there is a charitable
purpose as the basis for any solicitation. "Charitable organization" does not include the
department of revenue collecting voluntary contributions for organ and tissue donations under
the provisions of sections 42-2-107 (4)(b)(V) and 42-2-118 (1)(a)(II), C.R.S.
(2) "Charitable purpose" means any benevolent, educational, philanthropic, humane,
scientific, patriotic, social welfare or advocacy, public health, environmental conservation, civic,
or other eleemosynary purpose, any objective of law enforcement officers, firefighters, other
persons who protect the public safety, or veterans, or any objective of sponsoring the free or
subsidized attendance of persons at any event.
(3) "Charitable sales promotion" means an advertising or sales campaign which is
conducted by a commercial coventurer and which represents that the purchase or use of goods or
services offered by the commercial coventurer will benefit, in whole or in part, a charitable
organization or purpose.
(4) "Commercial coventurer" means a person who, for profit, is regularly and primarily
engaged in trade or commerce other than in connection with soliciting for charitable
organizations or purposes and who conducts a charitable sales promotion.
(5) "Contribution" means the grant, promise, or pledge of money, credit, property,
financial assistance, or any other thing of value in response to a solicitation. "Contribution" does
not include voluntary contributions for organ and tissue donations under the provisions of
sections 42-2-107 (4)(b)(V) and 42-2-118 (1)(a)(II), C.R.S., and bona fide fees, dues, or
assessments paid by members of a charitable organization if membership is not conferred
primarily as consideration for making a contribution in response to a solicitation.
(6) Repealed.
(7) "Paid solicitor" means a person who, for monetary compensation, performs any
service in which contributions will be solicited in this state by such compensated person or by
any compensated person he or she employs, procures, or engages to solicit for contributions. The
following persons are not "paid solicitors":
(a) A person whose sole responsibility is to print or mail fund-raising literature;
(b) A lawyer, investment counselor, or banker who renders professional services to a
charitable organization or advises a person to make a charitable contribution during the course of
rendering such professional services or advice to the charitable organization or person;
(c) A bona fide volunteer;
(d) A director, officer, or compensated employee who is directly employed by a
charitable organization which, at the time of the solicitation, had received a determination letter
from the internal revenue service granting the organization tax-exempt status pursuant to 26
U.S.C. sec. 501 (c)(3), (c)(4), (c)(8), (c)(10), or (c)(19). For purposes of this paragraph (d), such
a determination letter shall not have retroactive effect.
(e) Any employee of the department of revenue collecting voluntary contributions for
organ and tissue donations under sections 42-2-107 (4)(b)(V) and 42-2-118 (1)(a)(II), C.R.S.;
(f) A person whose only responsibility in connection with a charitable contribution is to
provide a merchant account to process credit card payments using the internet;
(g) A person who prepares a grant application for a charitable organization or purpose,
unless the person's compensation is computed on the basis of funds to be raised or actually raised
as a result of the grant application; or
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 155 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(h) A person who provides any service or product to a charitable organization who does
not directly solicit for a charitable contribution.
(8) "Person" means an individual, a corporation, an association, a partnership, a trust, a
foundation, or any other entity however organized or any group of individuals associated in fact
but not a legal entity.
(9) Repealed.
(9.3) "Professional fundraising consultant" means any person, other than a bona fide
officer or regular employee of a charitable organization, who is retained by a charitable
organization for a fixed fee or rate under a written agreement to plan, manage, advise, consult, or
prepare material for or with respect to the solicitation in this state of contributions for a
charitable organization but who does not solicit contributions or employ, procure, or engage any
compensated person to solicit contributions. No lawyer, investment counselor, or banker who
renders professional services to a charitable organization or advises a person to make a
charitable contribution during the course of rendering professional services to the person shall be
deemed, as a result of such professional services or advice, to be a "professional fundraising
consultant".
(9.5) "Records" means books, financial statements, papers, correspondence, memoranda,
agreements, or other documents or records that the secretary of state deems relevant or material
to an inquiry.
(10) "Solicit" or "solicitation" means to request, or the request for, directly or indirectly,
money, credit, property, financial assistance, or any other thing of value on the plea or
representation that such money, credit, property, financial assistance, or other thing of value, or
any portion thereof, will be used for a charitable purpose or will benefit a charitable
organization. The term "solicit" or "solicitation" shall include, but need not be limited to, the
following methods of requesting or securing such money, credit, property, financial assistance,
or other thing of value:
(a) Any oral or written request; or
(b) Any sale or attempted sale of or any offer to sell any advertisement, advertising
space, book, card, tag, coupon, device, magazine, membership, merchandise, subscription,
flower, ticket, candy, cookies, or other tangible item in which any appeal is made for any
charitable organization or purpose, or for which the name of any charitable organization is used
or referred to in any such appeal as an inducement or reason for making any such sale, or for
which any statement is made that the proceeds or any portion thereof from such sale will be used
for any charitable purpose or will benefit any charitable organization. A "solicitation" shall be
deemed to have taken place whether or not the person making the "solicitation" receives any
contribution.
(11) "Solicitation campaign" means a series of solicitations which are made by the same
person and which are similar in content or are based on a similar pitch or sales approach, which
series leads up to or is represented to lead up to an event or lasts or is intended to last for a
definite period of time. If the series of solicitations lasts or is intended to last for an indefinite
period of time or for more than one year, a "solicitation campaign" means all similar solicitations
made by the same person occurring within a particular calendar year.
(11.5) "Suspend" means that a charitable organization, professional fund-raising
consultant, or paid solicitor is prohibited from soliciting contributions, providing consulting
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 156 of 210 Uncertified Printout
services in connection with a solicitation campaign, or conducting a solicitation campaign in
Colorado.
(12) "Volunteer" means a person who renders services to a charitable organization or for
a charitable purpose and who neither receives nor is expressly or impliedly promised financial
remuneration for said services.
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 350, § 1, effective July 1. L. 89: (6) and (9)
repealed and IP(7) amended, pp. 367, 364, §§ 8, 1, effective July 1. L. 96: (1) and (5) amended
and (7)(e) added, p. 1135, §§ 3, 4, effective July 1. L. 2001: IP(7) amended and (9.3) added, p.
1236, § 1, effective May 9, 2002. L. 2003: (7)(f) added, p. 2496, § 1, effective June 5. L. 2005:
(7)(b) and (9.3) amended, p. 1286, § 1, effective June 3. L. 2008: (9.5) and (11.5) added, p. 806,
§ 2, effective September 1. L. 2012: (7)(e) and (7)(f) amended and (7)(g) added, (HB 12-1236),
ch. 133, p. 456, § 1, effective January 1, 2013. L. 2016: IP(7), (7)(f), and (7)(g) amended and
(7)(h) added, (HB 16-1129), ch. 262, p. 1076, § 2, effective August 10.
6-16-104. Charitable organizations - initial registration - annual filing - fees. (1)
Every charitable organization, except those exempted under subsection (6) of this section, that
intends to solicit contributions in this state by any means or to have contributions solicited in this
state on its behalf by any other person or entity or that participates in a charitable sales
promotion shall, prior to engaging in any of these activities, file a registration statement with the
secretary of state upon a form prescribed by the secretary of state. Each chapter, branch, or
affiliate of a charitable organization that is required to file a registration statement under this
section either shall file a separate registration statement or shall report the necessary information
to its parent charitable organization, which then shall file a consolidated registration statement.
(2) The registration statement must be signed and affirmed under penalty of perjury as
defined in section 18-8-503 by an officer of the charitable organization, which may include its
chief fiscal officer, and must contain the following information:
(a) The name of the charitable organization, the purpose for which it is organized, and
the name or names under which it intends to solicit contributions;
(b) The address and telephone number of the principal place of business of the charitable
organization and the address and telephone number of any offices in this state, or, if the
charitable organization does not maintain an office in this state, the name, address, and telephone
number of the person that has custody of its financial records;
(c) The names of the officers, directors, trustees, and executive personnel of the
charitable organization;
(d) The last day of the fiscal year of the charitable organization;
(e) The place and date when the charitable organization was legally established, the form
of its organization, and its tax-exempt status;
(f) A financial report for the most recent fiscal year, upon a form prescribed by the
secretary of state, or, in the discretion of the secretary of state, a copy of the charitable
organization's federal form 990, with all schedules except schedules of donors, for the most
recent fiscal year. If, at the time of the initial registration, the charitable organization does not
have the required financial report or form 990 for the most recent fiscal year, the charitable
organization shall submit a financial report or form 990 for the most recent fiscal year in which
such information is available. An organization that was first legally established within the past
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 157 of 210 Uncertified Printout
year and thus does not have financial information or a form 990 for its most recent fiscal year
shall provide to the secretary of state a financial report based on good faith estimates for its
current fiscal year on a form prescribed by the secretary of state. Any organization that files a
good faith estimate for its first fiscal year shall amend its initial registration statement to report
actual financial information on or before the earlier of the fifteenth day of the eighth month after
the close of the organization's first fiscal year or the date authorized for filing a form 990 with
the internal revenue service.
(g) The names and addresses of any paid solicitors, professional fundraising consultants,
and commercial coventurers who are acting or have agreed to act on behalf of the charitable
organization. If the paid solicitor, professional fundraising consultant, or commercial coventurer
is a partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or other legal entity, the charitable
organization shall list only the name and address of the legal entity.
(3) The secretary of state may promulgate rules concerning the acceptance of a uniform
multistate registration statement, such as a unified registration statement, in lieu of the
registration statement described in subsection (2) of this section. As soon as practicable, the
secretary of state shall take steps to cooperate in a joint state and federal electronic filing project
involving state charity offices and the internal revenue service to enable and promote electronic
filing of uniform multistate registration statements and federal annual information returns.
(4) (a) A charitable organization's registration is valid until the day on which the
financial report required in subsection (2)(f) or (5) of this section is due and may be renewed
upon application to the secretary of state and payment of the registration fee and any assessed
fines.
(b) A charitable organization that withdraws its registration or allows its registration to
expire must, on or before the date of withdrawal or expiration, file a final financial report, in a
form prescribed by the secretary of state, that includes information through the last date on
which the organization solicited contributions in Colorado.
(c) A charitable organization shall report any changes of name, address, principals,
corporate forms, tax status, and any other changes that materially affect the identity or business
of the charitable organization to the secretary of state within thirty days after the change.
(5) (a) Every charitable organization required to register under this section shall annually
file with the secretary of state a financial report for the most recent fiscal year on a form
prescribed by the secretary of state, or, in the discretion of the secretary of state, a copy of the
charitable organization's federal form 990, with all schedules except schedules of donors, for the
most recent fiscal year. The financial report must be filed on or before the earlier of the fifteenth
day of the eighth calendar month after the close of each fiscal year in which the charitable
organization solicited in this state or the date authorized for filing a form 990 with the internal
revenue service. A charitable organization that is unable to file a copy of its form 990 return or
the secretary of state's financial form by the prescribed deadline may request an extension of the
filing deadline from the secretary of state. The secretary of state, upon receipt of an application
to extend the filing deadline, may grant a three-month extension of time to file the financial
report. All requests for extension of time must:
(I) Be in a form prescribed by the secretary of state;
(II) Include a statement describing in detail the reasons causing the delay in filing the
financial report;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 158 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(III) Include an affirmation that the charitable organization has filed with the internal
revenue service an application for a corresponding extension of time to file the organization's
form 990; and
(IV) Be signed and affirmed under penalty of perjury as defined in section 18-8-503.
(b) Upon request, the charitable organization shall provide the secretary of state with a
copy of its application for extension of time to file with the internal revenue service in order to
verify the date authorized for filing its form 990 with the internal revenue service.
(6) The following are not required to file a registration statement:
(a) Persons that are exempt from filing a federal annual information return pursuant to
26 U.S.C. sec. 6033 (a)(3)(A)(i), (a)(3)(A)(iii), or (a)(3)(C)(i) or pursuant to 26 CFR 1.6033-2
(g)(1)(i) to (g)(1)(iv) or (g)(1)(vii);
(b) Political parties, candidates for federal or state office, and political action committees
required to file financial information with federal or state elections commissions;
(c) Charitable organizations that do not intend to and do not actually raise or receive
gross revenue, excluding grants from governmental entities or from organizations exempt from
federal taxation under section 501(c)(3) of the federal "Internal Revenue Code of 1986", as
amended, in excess of twenty-five thousand dollars during a fiscal year or do not receive
contributions from more than ten persons during a fiscal year. The exemption authorized in this
paragraph (c) shall not apply to a charitable organization that has contracted with a paid solicitor
to solicit contributions in this state for the organization.
(d) Persons exclusively making appeals for funds on behalf of a specific individual
named in the solicitation, but only if all of the proceeds of the solicitation are given to or
expended for the direct benefit of the specified individual.
(7) Filing fees for the annual registration of a charitable organization and for
amendments thereto shall be established by the secretary of state in an amount that reflects the
costs of the secretary of state in administering the provisions of this article. All such fees
collected shall be deposited in the department of state cash fund created in section 24-21-104
(3)(b), C.R.S.
(8) The secretary of state shall examine each registration to determine whether the
applicable requirements of this section are satisfied. The secretary of state shall notify the
charitable organization within ten days after receipt of its application of any deficiencies therein,
otherwise the registration shall be deemed approved as filed. The secretary of state shall issue
each approved applicant a registration number.
(9) A charitable organization that is required to register under this article 16 shall not:
(a) Prior to registration or renewal of an expired registration, solicit contributions in this
state by any means, have contributions solicited in this state on its behalf by any other person or
entity, or participate in a charitable sales promotion; or
(b) Aid, abet, or otherwise permit any paid solicitor to solicit contributions on its behalf
in this state unless the paid solicitor soliciting contributions has complied with the requirements
of this article.
(10) All information filed pursuant to this section, except for residential addresses and
telephone numbers of individuals, account numbers at banks or other financial institutions, and
schedules of contributors listed on the federal form 990 or its equivalent, is a public record for
purposes of the public records law, part 2 of article 72 of title 24, C.R.S.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 159 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 352, § 1, effective July 1. L. 89: (1)(d), (1)(e), and
(2) amended and (5) and (6) repealed, pp. 364, 367, §§ 2, 8, effective July 1. L. 2001: Entire
section R&RE, p. 1237, § 2, effective May 9, 2002. L. 2002: (2)(f), (4), and (5) amended, p. 948,
§ 1, effective June 1. L. 2003: IP(2) and (6)(a) amended, p. 2496, § 2, effective June 5. L. 2005:
(2)(f), (3), and (6)(c) amended and (2)(g) added, p. 1287, § 2, effective June 3. L. 2009: (6)(a)
amended, (SB 09-292), ch. 369, p. 1986, § 133, effective August 5. L. 2012: IP(2), (2)(f), (5),
IP(6), and (6)(b) amended and (6)(d) added, (HB 12-1236), ch. 133, p. 457, § 2, effective
January 1, 2013. L. 2013: (6)(a) amended, (HB 13-1300), ch. 316, p. 1663, § 7, effective August
7. L. 2014: (2)(c), (9), and (10) amended, (HB 14-1206), ch. 118, p. 420, § 1, effective August 6.
L. 2017: IP(2), (2)(c), (4), (5), IP(9), and (9)(a) amended, (HB 17-1158), ch. 160, p. 592, § 1,
effective October 1, 2018.
Editor's note: Section 8(2) of chapter 160 (HB 17-1158), Session Laws of Colorado
2017, provides that the act changing this section applies to regulation of charitable solicitations
by the secretary of state on or after October 1, 2018.
6-16-104.3. Professional fundraising consultants - annual registration - fees. (1) No
person shall act as a professional fundraising consultant without first complying with the
requirements of this section.
(2) Every contract between a professional fundraising consultant and a charitable
organization or sponsor shall be in writing and signed by an authorized official of the charitable
organization. The professional fundraising consultant shall provide a copy of the contract to the
charitable organization prior to the performance of any material services under the contract and
shall make a copy of the contract available to the secretary of state upon request. The contract
shall contain all of the following provisions:
(a) A statement of the charitable purpose for which the solicitation campaign is being
conducted;
(b) A statement of the respective obligations of the professional fundraising consultant
and the charitable organization;
(c) Whether the professional fundraising consultant will at any time have custody or
control of contributions;
(d) A clear statement of the fees that will be paid to the professional fundraising
consultant or, if the fees are to be calculated based on a percentage of contributions or other
formula, a clear statement of the percentage or other formula; and
(e) The effective and termination dates of the contract.
(3) A professional fundraising consultant who at any time has or will have custody or
control of contributions from a solicitation conducted on behalf of a charitable organization in
this state shall also comply with the registration requirements of this section before performing
any material services with respect to such solicitation.
(4) Applications for registration or renewal of registration must be submitted on a form
prescribed by the secretary of state, signed and affirmed under penalty of perjury as defined in
section 18-8-503, and must include the following information:
(a) The address and telephone number of the principal place of business of the applicant
and the address and telephone number of any office located in this state if the principal place of
business is located outside the state;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 160 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(a.5) The form of the applicant's business and, if the applicant is not an individual, the
place and date when the applicant was incorporated or otherwise legally established;
(b) The name, address, and telephone number of the person that has custody of the
applicant's financial records;
(c) If the applicant is not an individual, the names and addresses of the owners, officers,
and executive personnel of the applicant;
(d) Whether the applicant or any of its owners, officers, directors, trustees, or employees
have, within the immediately preceding five years, been convicted of, found guilty of, pled
guilty or nolo contendere to, been adjudicated a juvenile violator of, or been incarcerated for any
felony involving fraud, theft, larceny, embezzlement, fraudulent conversion, or misappropriation
of property or any crime arising from the conduct of a solicitation for a charitable organization
or sponsor, under the laws of this or any other state or of the United States, and if so, the name of
such person, the nature of the offense, the date of the offense, the court having jurisdiction in the
case, the date of conviction or other disposition, and the disposition of the offense;
(e) Whether the applicant or any of its owners, officers, directors, trustees, or employees
have been enjoined from violating any law relating to a charitable solicitation or from engaging
in charitable solicitation and, if so, the name of such person, the date of the injunction, and the
court issuing the injunction;
(f) Whether the applicant is registered with or otherwise authorized by any other state to
act as a professional fundraising consultant; and
(g) Whether the applicant has had such registration or authority denied, suspended,
revoked, or enjoined by any court or other governmental authority in this state or another state.
(5) The application for registration or for renewal shall be accompanied by the fee
established pursuant to subsection (12) of this section. A professional fundraising consultant that
is a partnership, corporation, or limited liability company may register for and pay a single fee
on behalf of all its partners, members, officers, directors, agents, and employees. In such case,
the names and street addresses of all the partners, members, officers, directors, employees, and
agents of the fundraising consultant and all other persons with whom the fundraising consultant
has contracted to work under its direction shall be listed in the application or furnished to the
secretary of state within five days after the date of employment or contractual arrangement.
(6) Each registration is valid for a period of one year and may be renewed, on or before
the anniversary date, for an additional one-year period upon application to the secretary of state
and payment of the registration fee. Any material changes to the information contained in the
application for registration shall be reported in writing to the secretary of state within thirty days.
(7) The secretary of state shall examine each registration to determine whether the
applicable requirements of this section are satisfied. The secretary of state shall notify the
applicant within ten days after receipt of its application of any deficiencies therein, otherwise the
application shall be deemed approved as filed. The secretary of state shall issue each approved
applicant a registration number.
(8) If a professional fundraising consultant will have custody of any contribution
received during a solicitation campaign, each such contribution shall be deposited within two
business days after its receipt in an account at a bank or other federally insured financial
institution. The account shall be in the name of the charitable organization with whom the
professional fundraising consultant has contracted, and the charitable organization shall have
sole control over all withdrawals from the account.
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(9) Within ninety days after a solicitation campaign has been concluded, and on the
anniversary of the commencement of a solicitation campaign lasting more than one year, the
professional fundraising consultant shall provide to the charitable organization a financial report
of the campaign, including gross proceeds and an itemization of all expenses or disbursements
for any purpose. The report shall be signed by the professional fundraising consultant or, if the
professional fundraising consultant is not an individual, by an authorized officer or agent of the
professional fundraising consultant, who shall certify that the financial report is true and
complete to the best of the person's knowledge. The professional fundraising consultant shall
provide a copy of the report to the secretary of state upon request.
(10) No person may act as a professional fundraising consultant and no professional
fundraising consultant required to be registered under this section shall knowingly employ any
person as an officer, trustee, director, or employee if such person, within the immediately
preceding five years, has been convicted of, found guilty of, pled guilty or nolo contendere to,
been adjudicated a juvenile violator of, or been incarcerated for any felony involving fraud, theft,
larceny, embezzlement, fraudulent conversion, or misappropriation of property or any crime
arising from the conduct of a solicitation for a charitable organization or sponsor, under the laws
of this or any other state or of the United States, or has been enjoined within the immediately
preceding five years under the laws of this or any other state or of the United States from
engaging in deceptive conduct relating to charitable solicitations.
(11) Information filed pursuant to this section, except for residential addresses and
telephone numbers of individuals and account numbers at banks or other financial institutions, is
a public record for purposes of the public records law, part 2 of article 72 of title 24, C.R.S.
(12) Filing fees for the annual registration of a professional fundraising consultant and
for amendments thereto shall be established by the secretary of state in an amount that reflects
the costs of the secretary of state in administering the provisions of this article. All such fees
collected shall be deposited in the department of state cash fund created in section 24-21-104
(3)(b), C.R.S.
Source: L. 2001: Entire section added, p. 1239, § 3, effective May 9, 2002. L. 2003:
IP(2) amended, p. 2497, § 3, effective June 5. L. 2005: (4)(a.5) added and (4)(c) amended, p.
1288, § 3, effective June 3. L. 2014: (11) amended, (HB 14-1206), ch. 118, p. 421, § 2, effective
August 6. L. 2017: IP(4) amended, (HB 17-1158), ch. 160, p. 594, § 2, effective October 1,
2018.
Editor's note: Section 8(2) of chapter 160 (HB 17-1158), Session Laws of Colorado
2017, provides that the act changing this section applies to regulation of charitable solicitations
by the secretary of state on or after October 1, 2018.
6-16-104.5. Additional reporting requirements. (Repealed)
Source: L. 92: Entire section added, p. 235, § 1, effective June 1.
Editor's note: Subsection (2) provided for the repeal of this section, effective December
31, 1994. (See L. 92, p. 235.)
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 162 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-16-104.6. Paid solicitors - annual registration - filing of contracts - fees. (1) (a) No
person shall act as a paid solicitor without first complying with the requirements of this section.
(b) Every paid solicitor shall register in accordance with subsection (3) of this section
before soliciting contributions in this state.
(2) Every contract between a paid solicitor and a charitable organization or sponsor for
each solicitation campaign shall be in writing and shall be signed by an authorized official of the
charitable organization or sponsor, who shall be a member of the organization's governing body,
and by the paid solicitor if the paid solicitor is an individual or by the authorized contracting
officer for the paid solicitor if the paid solicitor is not an individual. The paid solicitor shall
provide a copy of the contract to the charitable organization prior to the performance of any
material services under the contract and shall make a copy of the contract available to the
secretary of state upon request. The contract shall contain all of the following provisions:
(a) A statement of the charitable purpose for which the solicitation campaign is being
conducted;
(b) A statement of the respective obligations of the paid solicitor and the charitable
organization;
(c) A statement of the specified minimum percentage, if any, of the gross receipts from
contributions that will be remitted to the charitable organization, or, if the solicitation involves
the sale of goods, services, or tickets to a fundraising event, the specified minimum percentage,
if any, of the purchase price that will be remitted to the charitable organization. Any stated
percentage shall exclude any amount payable by the charitable organization as fundraising costs.
(d) A statement of the specified percentage, if any, of gross revenue that constitutes the
paid solicitor's compensation. If the paid solicitor's compensation is not contingent upon the
number of contributions or the amount received, the paid solicitor's compensation shall be
expressed as a reasonable estimate of the percentage of gross revenue, and the contract shall
clearly disclose the assumptions upon which such estimate is based. The stated assumptions shall
be based upon all the relevant facts known to the paid solicitor regarding the solicitation to be
conducted.
(e) The effective and termination dates of the contract.
(3) Applications for registration or renewal of registration must be submitted on a form
prescribed by the secretary of state, signed and affirmed under penalty of perjury as defined in
section 18-8-503, and must include the following information:
(a) The address and telephone number of the principal place of business of the applicant
and the address and telephone number of any office located in this state if the principal place of
business is located outside the state;
(b) The form of the applicant's business and, if the applicant is not an individual, the
place and date when the applicant was incorporated or otherwise legally established;
(c) The name, address, and telephone number of the person that has custody of the
applicant's financial records;
(d) If the applicant is not an individual, the names and addresses of the owners, officers,
and executive personnel of the applicant;
(e) The names of all persons in charge of any solicitation activity conducted in this state
by the applicant or on the applicant's behalf;
(f) Whether the applicant, any person with a controlling interest in the applicant, or any
of the applicant's owners, officers, directors, trustees, employees, or agents has, within the
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 163 of 210 Uncertified Printout
immediately preceding five years, been convicted of, found guilty of, pled guilty or nolo
contendere to, been adjudicated a juvenile violator of, or been incarcerated for any felony
involving fraud, theft, larceny, embezzlement, fraudulent conversion, or misappropriation of
property or any crime arising from the conduct of a solicitation for a charitable organization or
sponsor, under the laws of this or any other state or of the United States, and if so, the name of
such person, the nature of the offense, the date of the offense, the court having jurisdiction in the
case, the date of conviction or other disposition, and the disposition of the offense;
(g) Whether the applicant or any of its owners, officers, directors, trustees, or employees
have been enjoined from violating any law relating to a charitable solicitation and, if so, the
name of such person, the date of the injunction, and the court issuing the injunction;
(h) Whether the applicant is registered with or otherwise authorized by any other state to
act as a paid solicitor;
(i) Whether the applicant has had such registration or authority denied, suspended,
revoked, or enjoined by any court or other governmental authority in this state or another state;
and
(j) Whether the applicant or any officer, director, or employee of the applicant serves on
the board of directors of a charitable organization, directs the operations of a charitable
organization, or otherwise has a financial interest in a charitable organization for which the
applicant solicits contributions. If this relationship exists between the applicant and the
charitable organization, the application must include a statement that the relationship meets the
standards set forth in section 7-128-501 (3), C.R.S., regarding conflict of interest transactions.
(3.5) (a) Before any paid solicitor is registered, the applicant shall procure and file with
the secretary of state evidence of a savings account, deposit, or certificate of deposit meeting the
requirements of section 11-35-101, C.R.S., or a good and sufficient bond in the amount of fifteen
thousand dollars issued by a corporate surety duly licensed to do business within the state,
approved as to form by the attorney general of the state, and conditioned that the applicant shall
perform in good faith as a paid solicitor without fraud or fraudulent representation and without
the violation of any provision of this article.
(b) No corporate surety is required to make any payment to any person claiming a bond
issued under this subsection (3.5) until a final determination of fraud or fraudulent representation
has been made by the secretary of state or by a court of competent jurisdiction.
(c) All bonds required under this section must be renewed annually at the same time as
the bondholder's license is renewed. Renewal of the bond may be done through a continuation
certificate issued by the surety.
(4) The application for registration or for renewal shall be accompanied by the fee
established pursuant to subsection (12) of this section. A paid solicitor that is a partnership,
corporation, or limited liability company may register for and pay a single fee on behalf of all its
partners, members, officers, directors, agents, and employees. In such case, the names and street
addresses of all the partners, members, officers, directors, employees, and agents of the paid
solicitor and all other persons with whom the paid solicitor has contracted to work under its
direction shall be listed in the application or furnished to the secretary of state within five days
after the date of employment or contractual arrangement.
(5) Each registration is valid for a period of one year and may be renewed, on or before
the anniversary date, for an additional one-year period upon application to the secretary of state
and payment of the registration fee and any assessed fines. Any material changes to the
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 164 of 210 Uncertified Printout
information contained in the application for registration must be reported in writing to the
secretary of state within thirty days.
(6) The secretary of state shall examine each registration to determine whether the
applicable requirements of this section are satisfied. The secretary of state shall notify the
applicant within ten days after receipt of its application of any deficiencies therein, otherwise the
application shall be deemed approved as filed. The secretary of state shall issue each approved
applicant a registration number.
(7) No later than fifteen days before the commencement of a solicitation campaign, the
paid solicitor shall file with the secretary of state a completed solicitation notice, on forms
prescribed by the secretary of state, containing the following information:
(a) A summary of the governing contract, as specified in subsection (2) of this section;
(b) The full legal name and address of the paid solicitor who will be conducting the
solicitation campaign and the full legal name and address of each person responsible for
directing and supervising the conduct of the campaign;
(c) A statement, in accordance with section 6-16-111 (1)(f) and (1)(g), of the nature of
the intended solicitation campaign, including the means of communication to be used in the
campaign, the projected commencement and conclusion dates of the campaign, and a description
of any event the campaign will lead up to;
(d) A full and fair statement, in accordance with section 6-16-111 (1)(f) and (1)(g), of
the charitable purpose for which the solicitation campaign is being carried out;
(e) Each location and telephone number, if applicable, from which the solicitation is to
be conducted;
(f) A statement as to whether the paid solicitor will at any time have custody of
contributions;
(g) The account number and location of each bank account where receipts from the
campaign are to be deposited;
(h) The address where records and accounting concerning the solicitation campaign are
being kept; and
(i) A certification statement, signed and affirmed under penalty of perjury as defined in
section 18-8-503 by an officer of the charitable organization on the behalf of whom the
solicitation campaign is to occur, stating that the solicitation notice and accompanying material
are true and complete to the best of his or her knowledge.
(8) If a paid solicitor will have custody of any monetary contribution received during a
solicitation campaign, each such contribution must be deposited within two business days after
its receipt in an account at a bank or other federally insured financial institution. The account
must be in the name of the charitable organization with whom the paid solicitor has contracted,
and the charitable organization must have sole control over all withdrawals from the account.
(9) Within ninety days after a solicitation campaign has been concluded, and on the
anniversary of the commencement of a solicitation campaign lasting more than one year, the
paid solicitor shall provide to the charitable organization and file with the secretary of state a
financial report of the campaign, including gross proceeds and an itemization of all expenses or
disbursements for any purpose. The report must be on a form prescribed by the secretary of state
and must be signed and affirmed under penalty of perjury as defined in section 18-8-503 by the
paid solicitor, or, if the paid solicitor is not an individual, by an authorized official of the paid
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 165 of 210 Uncertified Printout
solicitor, and by an authorized official of the charitable organization. The persons signing the
report shall certify that the financial report is true and complete to the best of their knowledge.
(10) No person may act as a paid solicitor and no paid solicitor required to be registered
under this section shall knowingly employ any person as an officer, trustee, director, or
employee if such person, within the immediately preceding five years, has been convicted of,
found guilty of, pled guilty or nolo contendere to, been adjudicated a juvenile violator of, or been
incarcerated for any felony involving fraud, theft, larceny, embezzlement, fraudulent conversion,
or misappropriation of property or any crime arising from the conduct of a solicitation for a
charitable organization or sponsor, under the laws of this or any other state or of the United
States, or has been enjoined within the immediately preceding five years under the laws of this
or any other state or of the United States from engaging in deceptive conduct relating to
charitable solicitations.
(11) Information filed pursuant to this section, except for residential addresses and
telephone numbers of individuals and account numbers at banks or other financial institutions, is
a public record for purposes of the public records law, part 2 of article 72 of title 24, C.R.S.
(12) Filing fees for the annual registration of a paid solicitor, amendments thereto,
solicitation notices, and financial reports shall be established by the secretary of state in amounts
that reflects the costs of the secretary of state in administering the provisions of this article. All
such fees collected shall be deposited in the department of state cash fund created in section 24-
21-104 (3)(b), C.R.S.
Source: L. 2001: Entire section added, p. 1239, § 3, effective May 9, 2002. L. 2003:
IP(2) amended, p. 2497, § 4, effective June 5. L. 2005: IP(2) amended, p. 1288, § 4, effective
June 3. L. 2012: (8) amended, (HB 12-1236), ch. 133, p. 458, § 3, effective January 1, 2013. L.
2014: (11) amended, (HB 14-1206), ch. 118, p. 421, § 3, effective August 6. L. 2016: (3)(h) and
(3)(i) amended and (3)(j) and (3.5) added, (HB 16-1129), ch. 262, p. 1076, § 3, effective August
10. L. 2017: IP(3), (5), (7)(i), and (9) amended, (HB 17-1158), ch. 160, p. 594, § 3, effective
October 1, 2018.
Editor's note: Section 8(2) of chapter 160 (HB 17-1158), Session Laws of Colorado
2017, provides that the act changing this section applies to regulation of charitable solicitations
by the secretary of state on or after October 1, 2018.
6-16-105. Written confirmation of contribution - disclosures. (1) A paid solicitor
who makes an oral solicitation by telephone, door-to-door, or otherwise must furnish to each
contributor, prior to collecting or attempting to collect any contribution, a written confirmation
of the expected contribution, which confirmation shall contain the following information clearly
and conspicuously:
(a) The full legal name, address, telephone number, and registration number of the
employer of the individual paid solicitor who directly communicated with the contributor;
(b) A disclosure that the contribution is not tax-deductible, if such disclosure is
applicable, or, if the solicitor maintains that the contribution is tax-deductible in whole or in part,
the portion of the contribution that the solicitor maintains is tax-deductible;
(c) A disclosure in capital letters of no less than ten-point, bold-faced type identifying
the paid solicitor as a paid solicitor and containing the statement: "Registration by the secretary
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 166 of 210 Uncertified Printout
of state is not an endorsement of either the paid solicitor or the organization or cause the solicitor
represents.";
(d) The address and telephone number of the telephone room or other location from
which the solicitation has been or is being conducted if such information is different than that
which is provided pursuant to paragraph (a) of this subsection (1); except that this information is
not required to be provided if telephone solicitations are being conducted from more than one
location and from the residences of the individual paid solicitor;
(e) The name, address, telephone number, and registration number of any charitable
organization connected with the solicitation or any organization the name or symbol of which
has been used in aid of or in the course of such solicitation;
(f) The amount of any expected monetary contribution;
(g) The name and address of the contributor, as well as the date of the individual
solicitation, or spaces where this information may be filled in by the contributor;
(h) A statement that Colorado residents may obtain copies of registration and financial
documents from the office of the secretary of state, with the website address for obtaining such
documents from the secretary of state.
(2) If the contributor is absent when the contribution is to be collected, the paid solicitor
may comply with subsection (1) of this section by furnishing the written confirmation in a
manner previously agreed upon between said solicitor and the contributor.
(3) Except for the amount of the expected contribution, a written solicitation shall
contain the same information as is required in subsection (1) of this section.
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 353, § 1, effective July 1. L. 89: Entire section
R&RE, p. 365, § 3, effective July 1. L. 2001: IP(1), (1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(c), (1)(d), and (1)(e)
amended and (1)(h) added, p. 1246, § 4, effective May 9, 2002. L. 2014: IP(1) and (1)(h)
amended, (HB 14-1206), ch. 118, p. 421, § 4, effective August 6.
Editor's note: For discussion of language in the North Carolina Charitable Solicitations
Act relating to the disclosure of information concerning the amount of gross receipts turned over
to charities, a requirement of this section prior to the 1989 amendment, see Riley v. National
Federation of the Blind of North Carolina, 487 U.S. 781, 108 S. Ct. 2667, 101 L. Ed.2d 669
(1988).
6-16-105.3. Solicitations by telephone. (1) In addition to any other disclosure required
for solicitations by telephone under section 6-16-105, a paid solicitor who makes an oral
solicitation to any person by a telephone call received in Colorado regarding a charitable
contribution shall make the following oral disclosures as part of the telephone solicitation:
(a) A statement that the person soliciting the charitable contribution by telephone is paid
to make such solicitation;
(b) The name of the telemarketing company that employs the paid solicitor;
(c) The name and telephone number of the charitable organization on whose behalf the
paid solicitor is making the solicitation;
(d) (Deleted by amendment, L. 2001, p. 1247, § 5, effective May 9, 2002.)
(d.5) The first name and surname of the paid solicitor, which must be given in the
opening greeting;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 167 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(e) A statement, which must be made prior to the person's agreement to make a
contribution, that the charitable contribution is not tax deductible, if such is the case;
(f) Upon request by a person from whom a charitable contribution is sought, the
percentage of the contribution that will be paid to the charitable organization as a result of such
person's contribution; and
(g) Upon request by a person from whom a charitable contribution is sought, the
registration numbers of the charitable organization and the paid solicitor.
(2) A volunteer as defined in section 6-16-103 (12) who makes an oral solicitation to any
person by a telephone call received in Colorado regarding a charitable contribution is subject to
the disclosure required under paragraph (e) of subsection (1) of this section.
(3) Nothing in this section shall be construed as restricting, superseding, abrogating, or
contravening any state or federal law or regulation regarding charitable solicitations.
Source: L. 97: Entire section added, p. 404, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2001: (1)(d)
amended and (1)(g) added, p. 1247, § 5, effective May 9, 2002. L. 2012: IP(1) and (1)(e)
amended and (1)(d.5) added, (HB 12-1236), ch. 133, p. 458, § 4, effective January 1, 2013.
6-16-105.5. Solicitations by container - disclosures. (1) (a) No person or charitable
organization, or agent of a person or charitable organization, whether paid or not paid, shall
place any container offering a product for sale or distribution in a public place for solicitation
purposes unless the container is affixed with a disclosure label conspicuously displaying the
information set forth in subsection (2) of this section in a typed or printed clearly legible form.
(b) (I) A person other than an organization that has received a determination that it is
exempt under section 501 (c)(3) of the federal "Internal Revenue Code of 1986", as amended,
who places a container in a public place for solicitation purposes and who does not direct all of
the items placed in the container to a charitable purpose or, if the items are sold, does not direct
all proceeds of such sale to a charitable purpose, shall affix to the container a disclosure label
that clearly and conspicuously displays the following legend:
DONATED ITEMS WILL BE SOLD FOR PROFIT
The value of items placed in this container is NOT tax-deductible.
(II) This paragraph (b) shall not apply to containers used exclusively for the collection of
used paper, cardboard, motor oil, bottles, cans, or other containers or materials for recycling or
waste diversion purposes.
(2) The disclosure label required pursuant to paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of this
section shall state the following:
(a) The percentage of annual contributions that are paid to any person or organization to
maintain, service, or collect the contributions deposited in all the containers used by the person
or charitable organization;
(b) The percentage of annual contributions that are paid to the charitable organization
specified on the container;
(c) Whether the person maintaining, servicing, or collecting the contributions deposited
in the container is a volunteer or is paid for the services.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 168 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(3) For purposes of this section, "container" means a box, carton, package, receptacle,
canister, jar, dispenser, or machine.
(4) Nothing in this section shall be construed as restricting, superseding, abrogating, or
contravening any state or federal law or regulation regarding charitable solicitations.
Source: L. 96: Entire section added, p. 291, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2009: (1) and IP(2)
amended, (HB 09-1052), ch. 50, p. 178, § 1, effective August 5.
6-16-106. Contributor's right to cancel. (1) In addition to any right otherwise
provided by law with respect to the binding nature of an agreement or pledge to make a
charitable contribution, a contributor shall have the right to cancel his agreement or pledge to
contribute as follows:
(a) With respect to a solicitation in which the paid solicitor knowingly fails to comply
with this article, at any time; or
(b) Until 12 midnight of the third business day, or with respect to a nonmonetary
contribution, until 12 midnight of the first business day after the day on which the contributor
receives a written confirmation of contribution pursuant to section 6-16-105.
(2) Cancellation occurs when the contributor gives written or oral notice of the
cancellation to the paid solicitor at the address or telephone number stated in the written
confirmation of contribution.
(3) Notice of cancellation, if given by mail, is given at the time it is properly addressed
and deposited in a mail box with proper postage.
(4) A particular form shall not be required for a notice of cancellation, and such notice
shall be sufficient if it indicates the intention of the contributor to cancel his pledge to contribute.
(5) Within ten days after a notification of cancellation has been received by the paid
solicitor, the paid solicitor shall tender to the contributor any contribution made and any note or
other evidence of indebtedness.
(6) Allowing for ordinary wear and tear or consumption of the goods contemplated by
the transaction, within a reasonable time after an agreement or pledge to contribute has been
cancelled, the contributor upon demand must tender to the paid solicitor any goods or items
delivered by the paid solicitor in connection with the contribution but shall not be under
obligation to tender at any other place than where the goods or items were delivered. If the paid
solicitor fails to demand possession of the goods or items within a reasonable time after
cancellation, the goods or items become the property of the contributor without obligation to
contribute. For purposes of this subsection (6), forty days is presumed to be a reasonable time.
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 355, § 1, effective July 1. L. 89: Entire section
R&RE, p. 365, § 4, effective July 1.
6-16-107. Donated tickets - sponsored attendance. No person, in the course of or in
aid of a solicitation, shall represent that a contribution will purchase a ticket or tickets to be
donated for use by another, sponsor the attendance of another at an event, or sponsor the receipt
of a benefit by another while knowing that the donated tickets or sponsorships will not actually
be used or received by the donees or beneficiaries in the quantity represented.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 169 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 355, § 1, effective July 1. L. 89: Entire section
R&RE, p. 366, § 5, effective July 1.
6-16-108. Publications. (Repealed)
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 356, § 1, effective July 1. L. 89: Entire section
repealed, p. 367, § 8, effective July 1.
6-16-109. Records - accounts. (1) During each solicitation campaign, a paid solicitor
shall create and maintain, for not less than two years after the completion of such campaign, the
following records:
(a) Copies of all written confirmations or any standardized written confirmations
provided pursuant to section 6-16-105;
(b) The name and residence address of each employee, agent, or other person involved in
the solicitation as is on record at the time of such solicitation;
(c) The locations and account numbers of all bank or other financial institution accounts
into which the paid solicitor has deposited receipts from the solicitation;
(d) Records indicating the quantity of donated tickets or sponsorships, as described in
section 6-16-107, which were actually used or received by donees or beneficiaries;
(e) A complete record and accounting of the receipts and disbursements of funds derived
from any solicitation campaign. Said record and accounting shall clearly identify any person or
organization to whom or to which any part of such funds are transferred and shall describe with
specificity the purpose for which any expenditure is made and the amount of each expenditure.
Funds spent directly for any charitable purpose or transferred to any charitable organization as
represented in the solicitations shall be clearly delineated as such.
(f) All written records relating to pitches, sales approaches, or disclosures used during
any solicitation campaign and all instructions provided to paid solicitors concerning the content
or solicitations;
(g) All contracts or agreements made with charitable organizations or other represented
beneficiaries of solicitations; and
(h) For each contribution, records indicating the name and address of the contributor, the
amount of the contribution if monetary, and the date of the contribution, together with the name
of the individual paid solicitor who solicited the contribution.
(2) Any person involved in solicitations who claims an exemption from the definition of
paid solicitor in section 6-16-103 (7) shall maintain records of ruling letters and other
communications from the internal revenue service regarding tax-exempt status. Failure to
produce such records on written demand of the district attorney pursuant to section 6-16-111
(1)(e) shall give rise to a rebuttable presumption that the person does not have a ruling letter
granting tax-exempt status pursuant to 26 U.S.C. sec. 501 (c)(3).
(3) Repealed.
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 356, § 1, effective July 1. L. 89: IP(1), (1)(a),
(1)(d), (1)(f), (1)(g), (2), and (3) amended and (1)(h) added, p. 366, § 6, effective July 1. L.
2001: (3) repealed, p. 1247, § 6, effective May 9, 2002.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 170 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-16-110. Charitable sales promotions. (1) The provisions of this article relating to
commercial coventurers and charitable sales promotions shall apply only when a commercial
coventurer reasonably expects that more than one-half of all proceeds of a solicitation campaign
will be derived from transactions within the state of Colorado.
(2) A commercial coventurer shall disclose in each advertisement for a charitable sales
promotion the dollar amount or percent per unit of goods or services purchased or used that will
benefit the charitable organization or purpose. If the actual dollar amount or percentage cannot
reasonably be determined prior to the final date of the charitable sales promotion, the
commercial coventurer shall disclose an estimated dollar amount or percentage. Any such
estimate shall be reasonable and shall be based upon all of the relevant facts known to the
commercial coventurer regarding the charitable sales promotion.
(3) A commercial entity which purchases at wholesale a product which is created,
manufactured, or produced by a charitable organization for resale to the general public as part of
the commercial entity's general stock of merchandise shall be exempt from the provisions of this
article relating to commercial coventurers and charitable sales promotions.
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 357, § 1, effective July 1.
6-16-110.5. Secretary of state - dissemination of information - cooperation with
other agencies - rules. (1) The secretary of state shall take steps to:
(a) Publicize the requirements of this article and otherwise assist charitable
organizations, professional fundraising consultants, and paid solicitors in complying with this
article;
(b) Compile and publish, on an annual basis, the information provided by charitable
organizations, professional fundraising consultants, and paid solicitors under this article to assist
the public in making informed decisions about charitable solicitation and to assist charitable
organizations in making informed decisions about contracting with paid solicitors;
(c) Participate in a national online charity information system as soon as a system is
established, if the secretary determines that participation will further advance the purposes of
this subsection (1) and subsection (2) of this section.
(2) The secretary of state may exchange with appropriate authorities of this state, any
other state, and the United States information with respect to charitable organizations,
professional fundraising consultants, commercial coventurers, and paid solicitors.
(3) The secretary of state may promulgate rules as needed for the effective
implementation of this article 16, including:
(a) Providing for the extension of filing deadlines;
(b) Providing for the online availability of forms required to be filed pursuant to sections
6-16-104 to 6-16-104.6;
(c) Providing for the electronic filing of required forms, including the acceptance of
electronic signatures;
(d) Mandating electronic filing and providing, in the secretary of state's discretion, for
exceptions to mandatory electronic filing;
(e) Setting fines for noncompliance with this article or rules promulgated pursuant to this
article; and
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 171 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(f) Providing for the withdrawal of an active registration by a charitable organization,
professional fundraising consultant, or paid solicitor.
Source: L. 2001: Entire section added, p. 1239, § 3, effective May 9, 2002. L. 2002: (3)
amended, p. 949, § 2, effective June 1. L. 2005: (1)(c) added, p. 1288, § 5, effective June 3. L.
2008: (3) amended, p. 807, § 3, effective September 1. L. 2014: IP(3) and (3)(e) amended, (HB
14-1206), ch. 118, p. 421, § 5, effective August 6. L. 2017: IP(3) amended and (3)(f) added, (HB
17-1158), ch. 160, p. 594, § 4, effective October 1, 2018.
Editor's note: Section 8(2) of chapter 160 (HB 17-1158), Session Laws of Colorado
2017, provides that the act changing this section applies to regulation of charitable solicitations
by the secretary of state on or after October 1, 2018.
6-16-111. Violations - rules. (1) A person commits charitable fraud if he or she:
(a) Knowingly solicits any contribution and in the course of such solicitation knowingly
performs any act or omission in violation of any of the provisions of sections 6-16-104 to 6-16-
107 and 6-16-110;
(b) Knowingly solicits any contribution and, in aid of or in the course of such
solicitation, utilizes the name or symbol of another person or organization without written
authorization from such person or organization for such use;
(c) Solicits any contribution and, in aid of or in the course of such solicitation, utilizes a
name, symbol, or statement which is closely related or similar to that used by another person or
organization with the intent to mislead the person to whom the solicitation is made that said
solicitation is on the behalf of or is affiliated with such other person or organization;
(d) With the intent to defraud, knowingly solicits contributions and, in aid of such
solicitation, assumes, or allows to be assumed, a false or fictitious identity or capacity, except for
a trade name or trademark registered in this state by that person or his employer;
(e) Knowingly fails to create and maintain all records required by section 6-16-109 to be
created and maintained or knowingly fails to make available said records for examination and
photocopying at the office of the district attorney or at his own office in this state with copying
facilities furnished free of charge, within five days after a written demand for the production of
said records by the district attorney, or within twenty days with respect to records kept out of
state;
(f) Knowingly makes a misrepresentation of a material fact in any notice, report, or
record required to be filed, maintained, or created by this article;
(g) With the intent to defraud, devises or executes a scheme or artifice to defraud by
means of a solicitation or obtains money, property, or services by means of a false or fraudulent
pretense, representation, or promise in the course of a solicitation. A representation may be any
manifestation of any assertion by words or conduct, including, but not limited to, a failure to
disclose a material fact.
(h) Represents or causes another to represent that contributions are tax-deductible unless
they so qualify under the federal internal revenue code;
(i) Represents or causes another to represent that a contribution to a charitable
organization will be used for a purpose other than the purpose for which the charitable
organization actually intends to use such contribution;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 172 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(j) Represents or causes another to represent that a greater portion of the contribution
will go to a charitable organization than the actual portion that will go to such organization;
(k) Represents or causes another to represent that the solicitor is located in a geographic
area that is different from the geographic area in which the solicitor is actually located;
(l) Represents or causes another to represent that the solicitor has a sponsorship,
approval, status, affiliation, or connection with an organization or purpose that the solicitor does
not actually have;
(m) Represents or causes another to represent that the person to whom a solicitation is
made is under an obligation to make a contribution;
(n) Represents or causes another to represent that failure to make a contribution will
adversely affect the person's credit rating;
(o) Represents or causes another to represent that the person has previously approved or
agreed to make a contribution when in fact the person has not given such approval or agreement;
or
(p) Represents or causes another to represent that the person has previously contributed
to the same organization or for the same purpose when in fact the person has not so contributed.
(1.5) A person commits charitable fraud if he or she, in the course of or in furtherance of
a solicitation, misrepresents to, misleads, makes false statements to, or uses a name other than
the solicitor's legal name in communicating with a person being solicited in any manner that
would lead a reasonable person to believe that:
(a) If the person being solicited makes a contribution, he or she will receive special
benefits or favorable treatment from a police, sheriff, patrol, firefighting, or other law
enforcement agency or department of government;
(b) If the person being solicited fails to make a contribution, he or she will receive
unfavorable treatment from a police, sheriff, patrol, firefighting, or other law enforcement
agency or department of government; or
(c) The membership organization for which the person is soliciting has a significant
membership of a certain type, including active police, sheriff, patrol, firefighters, first
responders, or veterans when the organization does not have a significant membership of that
type. For purposes of this paragraph (c), "significant membership" means ten percent of the
membership of the organization or one hundred members, whichever is less. For purposes of this
paragraph (c), "membership organization" means an organization that is a tax-exempt nonprofit
organization under 26 U.S.C. sec. 501 (c) of the federal "Internal Revenue Code of 1986", as
amended, and has members who pay regular membership dues.
(2) Any person who commits charitable fraud in violation of paragraph (b), (c), (d), (f),
or (g) of subsection (1) of this section is guilty of a class 5 felony, and upon conviction thereof,
shall be punished in accordance with section 18-1.3-401, C.R.S.
(3) Any person who commits charitable fraud in violation of paragraph (a), (e), or (h) to
(p) of subsection (1) of this section, or of subsection (1.5) of this section, is guilty of a class 2
misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished in accordance with section 18-1.3-
501, C.R.S.; except that a person who commits a violation of any one or more of said paragraphs
with respect to solicitations involving three separate contributors in any one solicitation
campaign is guilty of a class 5 felony, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished in
accordance with section 18-1.3-401, C.R.S.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 173 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(4) Charitable fraud which is a felony shall be deemed a class 1 public nuisance and
subject to the provisions of part 3 of article 13 of title 16, C.R.S.
(5) Violation of any provision of this article also shall constitute a deceptive trade
practice in violation of the "Colorado Consumer Protection Act", article 1 of this title, and shall
be subject to remedies or penalties, or both, pursuant thereto.
(6) (a) In addition to any other applicable penalty, the secretary of state may deny,
suspend, or revoke the registration of any charitable organization, professional fund-raising
consultant, or paid solicitor that makes a false statement or omits material information in any
registration statement, annual report, or other information required to be filed by this article or
that acts or fails to act in such a manner as otherwise to violate any provision of this article. The
secretary of state may also deny, suspend, or revoke the registration of any person who does not
meet the requirements for registration set forth in this article.
(b) Upon notice from the secretary of state that a registration has been denied or is
subject to suspension or revocation, the aggrieved party may request a hearing. The request for
hearing must be made within thirty days after the date of the notice. Proceedings for any such
denial, suspension, or revocation hearing are governed by the "State Administrative Procedure
Act", article 4 of title 24; except that the secretary of state shall promulgate rules to provide for
expedited deadlines to govern such proceedings and shall bear the burden of proof. The status
quo concerning the ability of the aggrieved party to solicit funds is maintained during the
pendency of the proceedings. Judicial review is available pursuant to section 24-4-106.
(c) In addition to other remedies authorized by law, the secretary of state may bring a
civil action in the district court of any judicial district in which venue is proper for the purpose of
obtaining injunctive relief against any person who violates, or threatens to violate, the provisions
of this article.
(d) The rights and remedies available to the secretary of state pursuant to this subsection
(6) shall not affect the rights and remedies available to any other person seeking relief for
violations of this article or any other applicable law.
(7) If a paid solicitor commits charitable fraud in the course of making a solicitation for
a charitable organization, the charitable organization shall also be liable for any applicable
remedies and penalties if the charitable organization knew or should have known that the paid
solicitor was engaged in charitable fraud. This subsection (7) does not extend personal liability
to board members of a charitable organization beyond the personal liability allowed by section
13-21-116 (2)(b)(I), C.R.S., or as otherwise allowed by law prior to August 10, 2016.
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 357, § 1, effective July 1. L. 89: (1)(a) and (1)(e)
amended, p. 367, § 7, effective July 1. L. 93: (5) added, p. 1575, § 8, effective July 1. L. 2001:
IP(1) and (3) amended and (1)(h), (1)(i), (1)(j), (1)(k), (1)(l), (1)(m), (1)(n), (1)(o), (1)(p), (1.5),
and (6) added, pp. 1247, 1248, §§ 7, 8, effective May 9, 2002. L. 2004: (2) and (3) amended, p.
1188, § 9, effective August 4. L. 2016: (1.5) amended and (7) added, (HB 16-1129), ch. 262, p.
1077, § 4, effective August 10. L. 2017: (6)(b) amended, (HB 17-1158), ch. 160, p. 595, § 5,
effective October 1, 2018.
Editor's note: (1) Prior to its repeal in 1988, provisions concerning charitable fraud
were found in § 18-5-115.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 174 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(2) Section 8(2) of chapter 160 (HB 17-1158), Session Laws of Colorado 2017, provides
that the act changing this section applies to regulation of charitable solicitations by the secretary
of state on or after October 1, 2018.
6-16-111.5. Investigations. Whenever the secretary of state or
the secretary of state's designee believes that a violation of this article has occurred, the
secretary of state or the secretary of state's designee may investigate any such violation.
Upon demand, records shall be made available and produced to the secretary of state for
inspection. Such records shall not be subject to disclosure pursuant to part 2 of article 72 of
title 24, C.R.S.; except that public records about persons subject to this article prepared by
the secretary of state or the secretary of state's designee are subject to disclosure pursuant
to part 2 of article 72 of title 24, C.R.S.
Source: L. 2008: Entire section added, p. 807, § 4, effective September 1.
6-16-112. Address of record - service of process. (1) Any person required under this
article 16 to register with the secretary of state shall, in his or her initial registration or
application and in every renewal, provide an address of record. Unless the registrant designates
an alternative address, the address of record is the registrant's principal place of business.
(2) Any notice, order, or document issued by the secretary of state in accordance with
this article 16 is properly served if mailed to the registrant's or applicant's address of record.
(3) Any foreign corporation performing an act prohibited under this article 16 through a
salesperson or agent is subject to service of process either upon the registered agent specified by
the corporation or upon the corporation itself if the corporation fails to maintain a registered
agent as required by part 7 of article 90 of title 7. Service of process upon any individual outside
this state based upon any action arising out of matters prohibited by this article 16 must be
effected pursuant to section 13-1-125.
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 358, § 1, effective July 1. L. 93: Entire section
amended, p. 853, § 2, effective July 1, 1994. L. 2003: Entire section amended, p. 2356, § 345,
effective July 1, 2004. L. 2014: Entire section amended, (HB 14-1206), ch. 118, p. 422, § 6,
effective August 6. L. 2017: Entire section amended, (HB 17-1158), ch. 160, p. 595, § 6,
effective October 1, 2018.
Editor's note: Section 8(2) of chapter 160 (HB 17-1158), Session Laws of Colorado
2017, provides that the act changing this section applies to regulation of charitable solicitations
by the secretary of state on or after October 1, 2018.
6-16-113. Severability. If any provision of this article is found by a court of competent
jurisdiction to be unconstitutional, the remaining provisions of this article shall be valid, unless it
appears to the court that the valid provisions of this article are so essentially and inseparably
connected with, and so dependent upon, the void provision that it cannot be presumed that the
general assembly would have enacted the valid provisions without the void provision or unless
the court determines that the valid provisions, standing alone, are incomplete and are incapable
of being executed in accordance with the legislative intent.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 175 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 88: Entire article added, p. 358, § 1, effective July 1.
6-16-114. Fines - required notification - rules. (1) (a) Any charitable organization,
professional fundraising consultant, or paid solicitor who, after sufficient notification by the
secretary of state, fails to properly register, renew a registration, file a financial report required
by section 6-16-104 (2)(f), (4)(b), or (5), or file a financial report of a solicitation campaign
under this article 16 by the end of the seventh day following the issuance of the final notice, is
liable for a fine in an amount to be established by rule promulgated by the secretary of state.
(b) The secretary of state provides sufficient notification under this section if the
secretary:
(I) Mails at least two notices by first-class mail to the address of record for the charitable
organization, professional fundraising consultant, or paid solicitor; and
(II) If the charitable organization, professional fundraising consultant, or paid solicitor
has provided the secretary with an e-mail address, sends at least two notices to that e-mail
address.
(c) The fine for filing a registration renewal, financial report required by section 6-16-
104 (2)(f), (4)(b), or (5), or solicitation campaign financial report late must not exceed one
hundred dollars per year for charities or two hundred dollars per year for paid solicitors; except
that a charitable organization that fails to timely renew its registration and fails to file the
financial report required by section 6-16-104 (5) is only subject to a single fine for the failure to
renew its registration.
(d) The fine for soliciting before registering must not exceed three hundred dollars per
year for a charitable organization or one thousand dollars per year for paid solicitors.
(2) If a paid solicitor fails to file a solicitation notice at least fifteen days before
commencing a solicitation campaign, the secretary of state shall assess against the paid solicitor,
at the time the paid solicitor files the solicitation notice, a fine in an amount established in rules
promulgated by the secretary of state.
(3) A fine imposed under this section is in addition to any other filing fee provided by
this article.
Source: L. 2008: Entire section added, p. 807, § 4, effective September 1. L. 2010:
Entire section amended, (HB 10-1403), ch. 404, p. 1993, § 1, effective August 11. L. 2014:
Entire section amended, (HB 14-1206), ch. 118, p. 422, § 7, effective August 6. L. 2017: (1)(a),
(1)(b), and (1)(c) amended, (HB 17-1158), ch. 160, p. 596, § 7, effective October 1, 2018.
Editor's note: Section 8(2) of chapter 160 (HB 17-1158), Session Laws of Colorado
2017, provides that the act changing this section applies to regulation of charitable solicitations
by the secretary of state on or after October 1, 2018.
RECORDS RETENTION
ARTICLE 17
Uniform Records Retention Act
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 176 of 210 Uncertified Printout
6-17-101. Short title. This article shall be known and may be cited as the "Uniform
Records Retention Act".
Source: L. 90: Entire article added, p. 384, § 1, effective July 1.
6-17-102. Legislative declaration. The general assembly hereby finds that there is a
need to minimize the paperwork burden associated with the retention of business records for
individuals, small businesses, state and local agencies, corporations, and other persons, and there
is a need to minimize the costs of collecting, maintaining, using, storing, and disseminating
information and business records. The general assembly therefore finds that the provisions of
this article are necessary to promote efficiency and economy.
Source: L. 90: Entire article added, p. 384, § 1, effective July 1.
6-17-103. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Business record" means books of account; vouchers; documents; cancelled checks;
payrolls; correspondence; records of sales, personnel, equipment, and production; reports
relating to any or all of such records; and other business papers.
(2) "Record" means any letter, word, sound, number, or its equivalent, set down by
handwriting, typewriting, printing, photostating, photographing, magnetic impulse, mechanical,
or electronic recording of other forms of data compilation. Unless otherwise specified,
reproductions are records for purposes of this article.
(3) "Reproduction" means any counterpart produced by the same impression as the
original or from the same matrix, or by means of photography, including enlargements and
miniatures, or by mechanical or electronic rerecording or by chemical reproduction or by any
equivalent technique which accurately reproduces the original.
Source: L. 90: Entire article added, p. 384, § 1, effective July 1.
6-17-104. Records retention period. Any record required to be created or kept by any
state or local law or regulation may be destroyed after three years from the date of creation,
unless such law or regulation establishes a specified records retention period or a specific
procedure to be followed prior to destruction.
Source: L. 90: Entire article added, p. 385, § 1, effective July 1.
6-17-105. Form of record. Retention of reproductions produced pursuant to this article
shall constitute compliance with any state or local law requiring that any record be created or
kept.
Source: L. 90: Entire article added, p. 385, § 1, effective July 1.
6-17-106. Scope of article. This article shall apply to all records prepared by private
individuals, partnerships, corporations, or any other association, whether carried on for profit or
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 177 of 210 Uncertified Printout
not, and to any government entity operating under the laws of this state and shall apply to all
records created before and after July 1, 1990.
Source: L. 90: Entire article added, p. 385, § 1, effective July 1.
HEALTH CARE COVERAGE COOPERATIVES
ARTICLE 18
Health Care Coverage Cooperatives -
Provider Networks
Editor's note: Parts 1, 2, and 4 of this article were relocated to part 10 of article 16 of
title 10 in 2004.
Cross references: For general provisions relating to health care insurance, see article 16
of title 10.
Law reviews: For article, "H.B. 94-1193: Health Care Purchasing Reform", see 23 Colo.
Law. 2763 (1994).
PART 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
6-18-101 to 6-18-103. (Repealed)
Source: L. 2004: Entire part repealed, p. 1011, § 23, effective August 4.
Editor's note: This article was added in 1994, and this part 1 was subsequently repealed
in 2004. For amendments to this part 1 prior to its repeal in 2004, consult the Colorado statutory
research explanatory note and the table itemizing the replacement volumes and supplements to
the original volume of C.R.S. 1973 beginning on page vii in the front of this volume.
PART 2
HEALTH CARE COVERAGE COOPERATIVES
6-18-201 to 6-18-208. (Repealed)
Source: L. 2004: Entire part repealed, p. 1011, § 23, effective August 4.
Editor's note: (1) This article was added in 1994, and this part 2 was subsequently
repealed in 2004. For amendments to this part 2 prior to its repeal in 2004, consult the Colorado
statutory research explanatory note and the table itemizing the replacement volumes and
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 178 of 210 Uncertified Printout
supplements to the original volume of C.R.S. 1973 beginning on page vii in the front of this
volume.
(2) Section 6-18-206 (1)(e) and (2)(c) were amended in Senate Bill 04-239. Those
amendments were superseded by the repeal of this part 2 in Senate Bill 04-105.
PART 3
PROVIDER NETWORKS
6-18-301. Legislative declaration. (1) The general assembly hereby finds, determines,
and declares that the rapidly changing health care market provides unique opportunities for
health care providers to organize themselves into new forms of collaborative systems to deliver
high quality health care at competitive market prices to cooperatives and other purchasers. This
part 3 is enacted to encourage such collaborative arrangements and to further market-based
competition among health care providers.
(2) The general assembly further recognizes that in order to achieve the most effective
use of resources and medical technology to respond to changing market conditions, providers
who would otherwise be competitors with each other will need to horizontally integrate in order
to develop collaborative arrangements to guarantee an adequate number of providers to service
the market and to vertically integrate in order to guarantee that those who receive services will
have a continuum of care as appropriate to their care needs.
(3) The general assembly also recognizes that to effect such new forms of collaborative
systems and integration of providers to service the market will require an analysis of existing
methods of providing services, contracting, collaborating, and networking among providers and
the extent and type of regulatory oversight of licensed provider networks or licensed individual
providers which is appropriate to protect the public.
Source: L. 94: Entire article added, p. 1937, § 1, effective July 1.
6-18-301.5. Definitions. As used in this part 3, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Licensed provider network" or "licensed individual provider" means a provider
network or individual provider that is authorized to transact insurance business pursuant to title
10, C.R.S.
(2) "Provider" means a state-licensed, state-certified, or state-authorized facility or a
practitioner delivering health care services to individuals.
(3) "Provider network" means a group of health care providers formed to provide health
care services to individuals.
Source: L. 2004: Entire section added, p. 1009, § 17, effective August 4.
6-18-302. Creation of provider networks - requirements. (1) (a) Providers are hereby
authorized to conduct business collaboratively as provider networks. Such networks are entities
existing on or before July 1, 1994, that meet the definition of a provider network or may be
created as any lawful entity under title 7, C.R.S., or as otherwise allowed by law. Provider
networks existing on or before July 1, 1994, and provider networks created on and after July 1,
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 179 of 210 Uncertified Printout
1994, conducting business pursuant to this part 3, in addition to the matters otherwise required,
shall be subject to this article.
(b) (I) Except as provided in subparagraph (II) of this paragraph (b), if a provider
network or individual provider organized on or after July 1, 1994, or organized prior to said date,
proposes or is engaged in the transaction of insurance business, as defined in section 10-3-903,
C.R.S., or the activities of a health maintenance organization as defined in section 10-16-102
(35), C.R.S., such provider network or individual provider must hold a certificate of authority
from the commissioner of insurance to do business as an insurance company under title 10,
C.R.S., or to establish a health maintenance organization under section 10-16-402, C.R.S.
(II) The fact that a provider network or individual provider has a capitated contract or
other agreement with a carrier, pursuant to which the provider network or individual provider
shares some of the risk of providing services to groups or individuals covered under a health care
coverage plan issued by a carrier, shall not, in and of itself, be grounds for a determination by the
commissioner of insurance that the provider network or individual provider is engaged in the
transaction of insurance business.
(III) The commissioner of insurance, in consultation with providers and other
appropriate persons, shall evaluate the need for specific legislation or rules for the licensure of
provider networks and individual providers and, if determined appropriate, shall make
recommendations thereon to the general assembly and governor and shall adopt such rules that
are specific to licensed provider networks and licensed individual providers as provided in
section 10-1-108 (13), C.R.S. A licensed provider network or licensed individual provider shall
be subject to applicable provisions of title 10, C.R.S., except as otherwise provided in statute or
rule adopted pursuant to section 10-1-108 (13), C.R.S.
(IV) Every licensed provider network that conducts insurance business in the state of
Colorado shall:
(A) Obtain from the commissioner of insurance, before the start of business, a certificate
of authority authorizing the provider network to conduct business in the state of Colorado;
(B) Maintain its principal and home office in the state of Colorado, maintain such books
and records in this state, and maintain principal banking relationships with a bank chartered by
the state of Colorado or a member bank of the federal reserve system;
(C) Hold at least one board of directors' meeting each year in the state of Colorado;
(D) Include in the provider network's management and administrative agreements, for
essential insurance services, a provision that allows the commissioner reasonable access to
examine such books and records; and
(E) For purposes of this paragraph (b), substantially perform in the state of Colorado the
essential functions of the licensed provider network's principal and home office, including, but
not limited to, the provision and administration of health care services, the issuance of health
care plans, the maintenance of health care provider relations, and the provision of consumer
information and services.
(2) If applicable, a network organized on and after July 1, 1994, is organized when the
articles of organization are filed by the secretary of state or, if a delayed effective date is
specified in the articles as filed with the secretary of state and a certificate of withdrawal is not
filed, on such delayed effective date. The existence of the network begins upon organization.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 180 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(3) If applicable, each provider network shall file a report pursuant to section 7-136-107,
C.R.S., and pay a fee to the secretary of state which shall be determined and collected pursuant
to section 24-21-104 (3), C.R.S., in lieu of all franchise or corporation license taxes.
(4) A provider network or individual provider may request that specified information
submitted to the division of insurance be kept confidential because it is a trade secret as defined
in section 7-74-102 (4), C.R.S. The division shall honor such request unless the commissioner
determines that the information is already public knowledge or that its confidentiality would be
contrary to the public interest or the provider subsequently authorized the commissioner to
release such information.
Source: L. 94: Entire article added, p. 1937, § 1, effective July 1. L. 97: (3) amended, p.
756, § 6, effective July 1, 1998. L. 2001: (1)(b)(IV) added, p. 13, § 1, effective March 1. L.
2003: (1)(b)(III) amended, p. 614, § 3, effective July 1. L. 2004: (1)(b)(II) amended, p. 979, § 1,
effective August 4. L. 2013: (1)(b)(I) amended, (HB 13-1266), ch. 217, p. 985, § 39, effective
May 13.
6-18-303. Effect on scope of practice - limited exception to prohibitions on
corporate practice of licensed health care providers. (1) Except as provided in subsection (2)
of this section, the fact that an entity or provider is a member of a provider network shall not
exempt such entity or provider from any licensure or regulatory statute, nor shall any scope of
practice of any provider be expanded, reduced, or otherwise modified by virtue of membership
in or affiliation with any provider network.
(2) Any provision of article 29.5, 32, or 33 of title 12, C.R.S., or any of the provisions of
articles 35, 36, and 38 to 43 of title 12, C.R.S., prohibiting the practice of any licensed or
certificated health care profession as the partner, agent, or employee of or in joint venture with a
person who does not hold a license or certificate to practice such profession within this state
shall not apply to professional practice if a professional is participating in a provider network
organized pursuant to this part 3 and:
(a) The partnership, agency, employment, or joint venture is evidenced by a written
agreement containing language to the effect that the relationship created by the agreement may
not affect the exercise of the licensed or certified professional's independent judgment in the
practice of the profession;
(b) The licensed or certificated professional's independent judgment in the practice of
such profession is in fact unaffected by the relationship; and
(c) The licensed professional is not required to exclusively refer any patient to a
particular provider or supplier or take any other action the licensed professional determines not
to be in the patient's best interest.
Source: L. 94: Entire article added, p. 1938, § 1, effective July 1.
6-18-304. Competitive behavior - restraints of trade prohibited. Organization or
operation as a provider network is authorized under this article for the purpose of more costeffective delivery of health care services, and shall not be construed as permitting any such
collaborative system or any member of such provider network to act in a concerted way to
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 181 of 210 Uncertified Printout
restrain trade or otherwise engage in practices which are otherwise prohibited by federal or state
antitrust law.
Source: L. 94: Entire article added, p. 1939, § 1, effective July 1.
PART 4
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO AUTHORIZED
COOPERATIVES FROM DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH CARE POLICY AND FINANCING
6-18-401. (Repealed)
Source: L. 2004: Entire part repealed, p. 1011, § 23, effective August 4.
Editor's note: This article was added in 1994, and this part 4 was not amended prior to
its repeal in 2004. For the text of this part 4 prior to 2004, consult the 2003 Colorado Revised
Statutes.
TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING LICENSED HOSPITALS
ARTICLE 19
Transactions Involving Licensed Hospitals
Law reviews: For article, "Attorney General Review of Asset Transfers by Nonprofit
Hospitals", see 28 Colo. Law. 37 (Feb. 1999).
PART 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
6-19-101. Legislative declaration. (1) The general assembly hereby finds, determines,
and declares that all licensed and certified hospitals provide a service to the public by making
health care services available to the communities they serve.
(2) Furthermore, for purposes of the attorney general's authority over the transfer of
nonprofit hospital assets, all nonprofit hospitals shall be deemed to hold all of their assets in
trust, and those assets shall be deemed to be dedicated to the specific charitable purposes set
forth in the articles of incorporation or other organic documents of the nonprofit entities that
hold them in trust. The public is the beneficiary of this trust. Nonprofit hospitals have a
substantial and beneficial effect on the provision of health care to the people of Colorado,
providing as part of their charitable purposes uncompensated care to the uninsured or
underinsured and including, but not limited to, providing moneys and support for health-related
research and education or other community benefits. The general assembly also finds that
transfers of the assets of nonprofit hospitals to the for-profit sector may directly affect the
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 182 of 210 Uncertified Printout
character and extent of the charitable use of those assets or the proceeds from the assets. The
public also has an interest in knowing that the transfer of the assets of a nonprofit hospital, or the
proceeds from the assets, preserves, to the extent practicable, their charitable purpose. The
general assembly believes it is in the best interest of the public to ensure that the public interest
is fully protected whenever the assets of a hospital are transferred to a for-profit entity except in
the ordinary course of business.
(3) The general assembly further finds and declares that all transfers of hospital assets or
control have the potential to impact the communities they serve. This article is intended to
protect the public interest, to assure that nonprofit assets of hospitals are preserved to serve the
charitable purposes to which they were dedicated, and to provide the public notice of all
transfers of assets of hospitals that constitute covered transitions as defined in this article and
shall be construed with these purposes in mind.
(4) The general assembly further finds and declares that the addition of the factors to be
considered in relation to the term "material change" in section 6-19-203 (1) is intended to clarify
the provisions of this article.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 520, § 1, effective April 30. L. 2008: (4) added, p.
1342, § 1, effective August 5.
6-19-102. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Covered transaction" means any transaction that would result in the sale, transfer,
lease, exchange, or other disposition of fifty percent or more of the assets of a hospital. A series
of transactions taking place in any five-year period, which would result in the aggregate of the
transfer of fifty percent or more of a hospital's assets, shall in all circumstances be deemed to be
a covered transaction. "Covered transaction" shall also include the sale, transfer, or other
disposition of the control of a parent company, holding company, or other entity controlling a
hospital. For the purposes of this subsection (1), "fifty percent or more of the assets" shall be
based on the fair market value of all of the assets of the hospital.
(2) "For-profit entity" means a business corporation, general partnership, limited
partnership, limited liability limited partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability
company, limited partnership association, and cooperative.
(3) "Hospital" means a licensed or certified hospital as described in section 25-1.5-103
(1)(a)(I) and (1)(a)(II), C.R.S.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 521, § 1, effective April 30. L. 2003: (3)
amended, p. 700, § 4, effective July 1.
6-19-103. Procedures for covered transactions - notice - attorney general powers.
(1) The parties to a covered transaction shall provide notice of such transaction to the attorney
general no later than sixty days prior to the transaction closing or effective date of the
transaction. The notice to the attorney general shall be in writing, shall include the information
required in section 6-19-202, 6-19-302, or 6-19-402, as applicable, and shall contain a
certification that public notice of the transaction will be given within seven days after the
notification to the attorney general.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 183 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(2) Whenever the attorney general has reason to believe that a person has engaged in or
is engaging in a covered transaction without complying with the provisions of this article, the
attorney general may apply for and obtain, in an action in the appropriate district court of this
state, a temporary restraining order or injunction, or both, pursuant to the Colorado rules of civil
procedure prohibiting such person from continuing such noncompliance or engaging therein or
doing any act in furtherance thereof. The court may make such further orders or judgments, at
law or in equity, as may be necessary to remedy such noncompliance.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 521, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-104. Attorney general - effect on powers. (1) Nothing in this article shall be
construed as limiting the attorney general's common law powers.
(2) Nothing in this article shall affect the regulatory authority of any government agency
other than the department of law.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 522, § 1, effective April 30.
PART 2
NONPROFIT TO NONPROFIT TRANSACTIONS
6-19-201. Scope of part 2. This part 2 applies to covered transactions involving a
nonprofit hospital and another nonprofit entity.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 522, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-202. Notice. Notice shall be provided by the parties to a covered transaction
according to section 6-19-103 and shall include a statement on the charitable purposes of each
nonprofit entity entering into the covered transaction as well as a statement concerning the
relationship of these purposes to the hospital involved in the transaction. The statement may
include a certification by the chief executive officer as approved by the board of directors or
board of trustees of the nonprofit entity transferring its assets that there will be no material
change in the charitable purposes to which the transferred assets are dedicated as a result of the
transaction.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 522, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-203. Attorney general review and assessment. (1) A covered transaction under
this part 2 that will not result in a material change in the charitable purposes to which the assets
of the hospital have been dedicated, and will not result in a termination of the attorney general's
jurisdiction over those assets caused by a transfer of a material amount of those assets outside of
the state of Colorado, shall proceed without further review. In considering whether a material
change results from the transaction, the attorney general shall consider, among other factors,
reductions in the availability and accessibility of health care services in the communities served
by the hospital.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 184 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(2) When a transaction covered by this part 2 will result in a material change in the
charitable purposes to which the assets of the hospital have been dedicated, or a termination of
the attorney general's jurisdiction over the hospital assets caused by a transfer of a material
amount of those assets outside the state of Colorado, the attorney general may exercise his or her
common law authority to assess and review or challenge the transaction as deemed appropriate
by the attorney general. If the attorney general decides to conduct an assessment or review the
following provisions shall apply to such actions of the attorney general:
(a) The attorney general shall perform a review and assessment to the extent practicable
and with due consideration to the financial circumstances of the parties to the transaction. The
attorney general is further authorized to:
(I) Hire experts, at the expense of the parties to the transaction, as similarly provided for
in section 6-19-406 (1)(b) and to accept and expend grants or donations, or both, as similarly
provided for in section 6-19-406 (1)(e);
(II) Contract and consult with other state agencies as similarly provided for in section 6-
19-406 (1)(a);
(III) Require production of material documentation, such as the proposed agreements
relating to the proposed transaction, agreements regarding collateral transactions relating to the
proposed transaction, and any reports of financial and economic analysis that the nonprofit entity
reviewed or relied on in negotiating the proposed transaction. These documents shall be treated
in the same manner as set forth in section 6-19-404 (4).
(IV) Hold a public hearing as similarly provided for in section 6-19-404 (1). The
attorney general shall provide a written determination within the time frames or extended time
frames as similarly provided for in section 6-19-402 (2).
(b) The attorney general shall have the authority to allow a transaction that satisfies the
following criteria:
(I) The assets continue to be dedicated to charitable purposes;
(II) The directors or trustees of the parties to the transaction have not acted unreasonably
in light of the financial circumstances of the parties;
(III) The directors or trustees of the parties to the transaction have not acted
unreasonably in accommodating the affected community or communities; and
(IV) The directors or trustees of the parties to the transaction have not breached their
fiduciary duties or otherwise engaged in misconduct in such transaction.
(c) The attorney general shall liberally construe the criteria set forth in paragraph (b) of
this subsection (2) in favor of allowing a transaction to proceed.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 522, § 1, effective April 30. L. 2008: (1)
amended, p. 1342, § 2, effective August 5.
PART 3
FOR-PROFIT TO FOR-PROFIT TRANSACTIONS
6-19-301. Scope of part 3. This part 3 applies to covered transactions where the parties
involved in the transaction are all for-profit entities.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 185 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 524, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-302. Notice. The parties to a covered transaction governed by this part 3 shall
provide the notice required by section 6-19-103.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 524, § 1, effective April 30.
PART 4
NONPROFIT TO FOR-PROFIT TRANSACTIONS
6-19-401. Scope of part 4. This part 4 applies to covered transactions involving a
nonprofit hospital and a for-profit entity.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 524, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-402. Notice and filing. (1) The notice and filing provided to the attorney general
pursuant to section 6-19-103 shall include all proposed agreements relating to the proposed
transaction, all agreements regarding collateral transactions that relate to the principal
transaction, any reports of financial and economic analysis that the nonprofit entity reviewed or
relied on in negotiating the proposed transaction, and an explanation of how the completed
transaction will comply with the requirements of section 6-19-403. The attorney general shall
notify the parties to the transaction if the filing is complete or incomplete within thirty days after
the initial filing and shall specify the omitted documentation if incomplete. An initial filing that
includes a schedule for the submission of subsequently produced or acquired documents may be
deemed complete by the attorney general.
(2) Within sixty days after the complete filing required by this section, the attorney
general shall notify in writing the parties to the transaction of the results and conclusions of the
review and assessment. The attorney general may extend this period for an additional period of
up to ninety days if the attorney general determines, for good cause, that additional time is
warranted and so advises the parties in writing. The attorney general shall notify the parties of
any extension as soon as possible.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 524, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-403. Certification and criteria. (1) The proposed transaction shall comply with
the provisions of this section, and the parties to the transaction shall include in the filing required
by section 6-19-402 documentation and certification from the parties, either joint or several as
appropriate, that the covered transaction will comply with the following:
(a) The transaction shall be in the public interest. A transaction is not in the public
interest unless appropriate steps have been taken to safeguard the value of nonprofit hospital
assets being transferred and to ensure that any proceeds of the transaction are dedicated to the
charitable purposes.
(b) The transaction results in continuing access to health care services for the affected
community.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 186 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(c) No director, officer of the board, chief executive officer, chief operating officer, or
chief financial officer of the nonprofit entity submitting the filing or a nonprofit charitable
organization receiving the proceeds of the covered transaction shall benefit directly or indirectly
from the transaction.
(d) The nonprofit entity proposing the transaction shall use due diligence in selecting the
for-profit entity that is a party to the transaction and in negotiating the price and other terms and
conditions of the transaction.
(e) Proceeds of the covered transaction shall be set aside in an amount equal to the fair
market value of the hospital assets being transferred. Fair market value shall be determined at the
time of the transaction and include consideration of market value, going concern value, net asset
value, and any other significant relevant factors.
(f) The distribution of the proceeds of the covered transaction shall be made only to one
or more existing or new charitable organizations operating pursuant to 26 U.S.C. sec. 501 (c)(3)
of the federal "Internal Revenue Code of 1986", as amended.
(g) Each nonprofit charitable organization receiving the proceeds of the covered
transaction, its directors, officers, and staff shall be and remain independent of the parties to the
transaction and their affiliates. Except as provided in this paragraph (g), no person who is a
director, officer of the board, chief executive officer, chief operating officer, or chief financial
officer of any party to the transaction submitting the notice and filing, at the time the notice is
submitted or at the time of the transaction, shall be qualified to be an officer of the board, chief
executive officer, chief operating officer, or chief financial officer of the nonprofit charitable
organization receiving the proceeds of the covered transaction. The nonprofit entity that is a
party to the proposed transaction shall include in its notice and filing the proposed membership
of the initial board of directors of the nonprofit charitable organization that is to receive the
proceeds of the covered transaction that shall represent the diverse interests of the affected
communities and include persons from the area affected by the transaction. Notwithstanding the
requirements of this paragraph (g), each nonprofit charitable organization receiving the proceeds
of the covered transaction may have persons affiliated with parties to the transaction or their
affiliates serve on its board of directors provided that such persons do not constitute more than
one-third of the members of the board.
(h) A nonprofit charitable organization receiving the proceeds of the covered transaction
shall put mechanisms in place to avoid conflicts of interest and to prohibit grants or other actions
benefiting its board of directors or management beyond the reasonable value of their services or
substantially benefiting the for-profit entity.
(i) The charitable mission and functions of the nonprofit charitable organization
receiving the proceeds of the covered transaction shall reflect the historical charitable purposes
of the nonprofit entity proposing the transaction.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 524, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-404. Attorney general review. (1) No later than thirty days after the attorney
general has received the completed notice and filing pursuant to section 6-19-402, the attorney
general shall hold at least one public hearing in the service area of the hospital involved in the
transaction, at which the attorney general shall allow any person to either file written comments
and exhibits or appear and make a statement about any aspect of the transaction, including, but
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 187 of 210 Uncertified Printout
not limited to, whether the proposed transaction complies with the requirements of section 6-19-
403. At least seven days prior to each public hearing, the attorney general shall submit a press
release providing pertinent information about the hearing, including the time and place of the
hearing, to one or more newspapers of general circulation in the affected communities and notify
the mayor of the city or city and county and the board of county commissioners of the county in
which the hospital is located. The public hearing shall be a legislative rather than an adjudicative
hearing.
(2) The attorney general shall have the power to subpoena documents or witnesses,
require and administer oaths, and require statements at any time that are reasonably necessary to
assess an application or monitor compliance with this section.
(3) If any person fails to cooperate with any investigation pursuant to this section or fails
to obey any subpoena issued pursuant to this section, the attorney general may apply to the
appropriate district court for an appropriate order to effect the purposes of this section. The
application shall state that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the order applied for is
necessary to carry out the attorney general's duties under this section. If the court is satisfied that
reasonable grounds exist, the court, in its order, may:
(a) Require the attendance of or the production of documents by such person, or both;
(b) Grant such other or further relief as may be necessary to obtain compliance by such
person.
(4) Except for documents the attorney general determines to be confidential as a matter
of law, the documents filed pursuant to section 6-19-402 shall be available to the public for
review and copying during normal business hours at both the attorney general's office and the
offices of the parties to the transaction. Reasonable costs of copying shall be borne by the parties
if copies are requested at their offices.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 526, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-405. Post-transaction requirements. For a period of not less than five years, the
nonprofit charitable organization receiving the proceeds of the covered transaction shall provide
the attorney general with an annual report of its grant-making and other charitable activities
related to its use of the proceeds of the covered transaction received. For a period of not less than
five years, the for-profit entity shall provide the attorney general with an annual report detailing
its activities to satisfy the requirements of section 6-19-403 at the time of the review and
assessment. These annual reports shall be made available to the public at the attorney general's
office, the office of the nonprofit charitable organization, and the offices of the parties to the
covered transaction. The annual report shall be filed no later than ninety days after the year that
the report addresses.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 527, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-406. Attorney general powers. (1) The attorney general has the following
powers:
(a) To contract with, consult with, and receive advice from any state agency on those
terms and conditions that the attorney general and the executive director deem appropriate;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 188 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(b) To contract with persons including, but not limited to, attorneys, accountants,
actuaries, financial analysts, and health care analysts as is reasonable and necessary to assist in
reviewing a proposed transaction. Contract costs shall be borne by the parties to the transaction
and shall not exceed an amount that is reasonably necessary to conduct the review and
assessment.
(c) To adopt regulations or guidelines as necessary in order to carry out the requirements
of this section;
(d) The discretion to determine, consistent with the requirements of section 6-19-404,
the degree of administrative review of the transaction that is necessary to determine whether the
transaction conforms with the requirements of section 6-19-403. This determination shall be
made by taking into consideration, among other things, the size of the transaction, the size of all
communities affected by the transaction, the impact on the communities, and the past
performance of the for-profit entity.
(e) To accept and expend grants or donations, or both, not to exceed fifty thousand
dollars for the purpose of the implementation of this article. Any such grants or donations shall
be deposited into and expended from the nonprofit health care entity review cash fund created in
paragraph (f) of this subsection (1).
(f) To request and receive from the for-profit entity such sums as may be prescribed by
the attorney general to cover the necessary and actual costs for monitoring for the ensuing fiveyear period to ensure that the transaction remains in compliance with the requirements of section
6-19-403. Any moneys collected pursuant to this paragraph (f) shall be transmitted to the state
treasurer, who shall credit the same to the nonprofit health care entity review cash fund, which
fund is hereby created in the state treasury. The moneys in such fund shall be continuously
appropriated for the direct and indirect costs of such monitoring. In accordance with section 24-
36-114, C.R.S., all interest derived from the deposit and investment of this fund shall be credited
to the general fund.
(g) To hold a hearing after twenty days' notice to the affected parties if the attorney
general receives information that the attorney general deems sufficient to indicate that the
nonprofit charitable organization or for-profit entity may not be fulfilling its obligations pursuant
to section 6-19-403. If, after such hearing, the attorney general determines that proof of the
noncompliance is probable, he or she shall institute proceedings in district court to require
corrective action. The attorney general shall retain oversight of the corrective action for as long
as necessary to ensure compliance. Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the
attorney general's power to enforce compliance with this section after the expiration of the fiveyear period contemplated by paragraph (f) of this subsection (1).
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 527, § 1, effective April 30.
6-19-407. Attorney general review and assessment. (1) The attorney general may
review any notice and filing made under this part 4 and assess whether the proposed transaction
complies with the requirements of section 6-19-403.
(2) If, after review and assessment, the attorney general concludes that all of the
requirements of section 6-19-403 have been met, the attorney general shall issue a written
assessment and conclusion to such effect on the proposed transaction. If the attorney general
concludes, after discussions with the parties to the transaction, that all of the requirements of
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 189 of 210 Uncertified Printout
section 6-19-403 have not been met, or if the attorney general is unable to conclude whether or
not all of the requirements of section 6-19-403 have been met, the attorney general shall issue a
written assessment and conclusion to such effect on the proposed transaction. Such
nonconclusive or noncomplying assessment and conclusion shall include specific findings on
each of the requirements of section 6-19-403. The attorney general may also issue a written
statement that a formal assessment and review has not been determined necessary for the
covered transaction or that the transaction does not constitute a covered transaction.
(3) The attorney general may challenge any proposed transaction at any time through
injunction, declaratory order, or otherwise, in the district court of the jurisdiction in which the
nonprofit entity proposing the transaction has its principal place of business or where the
hospital involved in the transaction is located. If the attorney general's assessment and review
under this section is challenged in court, the attorney general's conclusions shall be the focus of
the review by the reviewing court and shall be given strong deference by such court. The burden
shall be upon the proponents of the transaction to establish that the attorney general's
conclusions are not in conformance with statutory provisions. The court shall have the power to
issue whatever orders are necessary to ensure compliance with the provisions of section 6-19-
403.
Source: L. 98: Entire article added, p. 528, § 1, effective April 30.
ARTICLE 20
Hospital Disclosures to Consumers
PART 1
DISCLOSURE OF AVERAGE CHARGE
6-20-101. Provider disclosure of average charge. (1) Each hospital licensed or
certified pursuant to section 25-1.5-103 (1)(a), C.R.S., shall disclose to a person seeking care or
treatment his or her right to receive notice of the average facility charge for such treatment that
is a frequently performed inpatient procedure prior to admission for such procedure; except that
care or treatment for an emergency need not be disclosed prior to such emergency care or
treatment. When requested, the average charge information shall be made available to the person
prior to admission for such procedure.
(2) Other health facilities licensed or certified pursuant to section 25-1.5-103 (1)(a),
C.R.S., shall disclose to a person seeking care or treatment his or her right to receive notice of
the average facility charge for such treatment that is a frequently performed procedure prior to
ordering or scheduling such procedure; except that care or treatment for an emergency need not
be disclosed prior to such emergency care or treatment. When requested, such average charge
information shall be made available to the person prior to the scheduling of the procedure.
Source: L. 2003: Entire article added, p. 1221, § 2, effective January 1, 2004. L. 2004:
(1) and (2) amended, p. 1189, § 11, effective August 4.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 190 of 210 Uncertified Printout
PART 2
NOTIFICATION OF DEBT BY A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
6-20-201. Definitions. For the purposes of this part 2, unless the context otherwise
requires:
(1) "Collection activity" means only those activities provided or performed by a licensed
collection agency, using a business name other than the name of the health care provider, for
purposes of collecting a debt. The term does not include any standard billing procedures used by
the health care provider or its agent in the normal course of business on current, nondelinquent
accounts.
(2) "Collection agency" shall have the same meaning as in section 5-16-103 (3).
(3) "Health care provider" includes a health care facility licensed pursuant to article 3 of
title 25, C.R.S., and any other health care provider.
Source: L. 2004: Entire part added, p. 458, § 1, effective August 4. L. 2005: Entire
section amended, p. 124, § 1, effective August 8. L. 2017: (2) amended, (HB 17-1238), ch. 260,
p. 1171, § 12, effective August 9.
6-20-202. Notice to patient of debt. (1) (a) When a person has health benefit coverage
to provide payment for care or treatment rendered by a health care provider and the person has
notified the health care provider of coverage within thirty days after the date the care or
treatment was rendered, and if the health coverage plan, as defined in section 10-16-102 (34),
C.R.S., pays only a portion of the debt, prior to the assignment of the debt to a licensed
collection agency, the health care provider shall mail written notice to the last-known address of
the person responsible for payment of the debt at least thirty days before any collection activity
on any amount due and owing the health care provider.
(b) The notice required of health care providers by paragraph (a) of this subsection (1)
shall include the amount due and owing; the name, address, and telephone number of the health
care provider; where payment may be made; the date of service; and the last date or number of
days after the date of the notice the health care provider will accept payment prior to the debt
being submitted to a collection agency or reporting adverse information to a consumer reporting
agency for the debt for which notice was provided.
(2) (a) If the health care provider fails to provide the person with notice of such debt and
all other information required by subsection (1) of this section, the health care provider shall not
pursue any rights to collect such outstanding amount either through a collection agency or by
any further efforts of the health care provider to collect the debt. In addition, the health care
provider may not report adverse information to a consumer reporting agency for the debt for
which notice was provided without providing notice to the person pursuant to subsection (1) of
this section. The health care provider shall assist the person in correcting any adverse credit
information because of the health care provider's failure to provide notice pursuant to subsection
(1) of this section.
(b) Notwithstanding any provision of this section to the contrary, a health care provider
may remedy a failure to give notice by providing a written report to the collection agency to
withhold any collection activity and withholding any of the health care provider's own collection
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 191 of 210 Uncertified Printout
efforts until the provider complies with the notice and time requirements pursuant to subsection
(1) of this section.
(c) Nothing in this subsection (2) shall be construed to require a health care provider to
perform additional attempts to notify a person of the person's portion of the debt other than
mailing the notice required pursuant to subsection (1) of this section to the person's last-known
address and maintaining a record of such mailing.
(d) The failure of a health care provider or its agent to provide the notice required by
subsection (1) of this section shall not create a cause of action or remedy against a collection
agency under the "Colorado Fair Debt Collection Practices Act", article 16 of title 5.
Source: L. 2004: Entire part added, p. 458, § 1, effective August 4. L. 2005: (1) and
(2)(b) amended and (2)(d) added, p. 124, § 2, effective August 8. L. 2013: (1)(a) amended, (HB
13-1266), ch. 217, p. 985, § 40, effective May 13. L. 2017: (2)(d) amended, (HB 17-1238), ch.
260, p. 1172, § 13, effective August 9.
PROTECTION AGAINST EXPLOITATION
OF AT-RISK ADULTS
ARTICLE 21
Protection Against Financial Exploitation
6-21-101 to 6-21-103. (Repealed)
Source: L. 2013: Entire article repealed, (SB 13-111), ch. 233, p. 1128, § 17, effective
May 16.
Editor's note: This article was added in 2010 and was not amended prior to its repeal in
2013. For the text of this article prior to 2013, consult the 2012 Colorado Revised Statutes.
Cross references: For the legislative declaration in the 2013 act repealing this article,
see section 1 of chapter 233, Session Laws of Colorado 2013.
RESIDENTIAL ROOFING SERVICES
ARTICLE 22
Roofing Services - Residential Property
6-22-101. Legislative declaration. (1) The general assembly hereby declares that the
purpose of enacting this article is to protect Colorado consumers by:
(a) Requiring roofing contractors offering to perform roofing work on residential
property in this state to sign a written contract with property owners detailing the scope and cost
of the roofing work and contact information for the roofing contractor;
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 192 of 210 Uncertified Printout
(b) Requiring roofing contractors to permit property owners to rescind a contract for the
performance of roofing work and obtain a refund of any deposit paid to the roofing contractor;
and
(c) Prohibiting roofing contractors from paying, waiving, rebating, or promising to pay,
waive, or rebate all or part of any insurance deductible applicable to an insurance claim made to
the property owner's property and casualty insurer for payment for roofing work on the
residential property covered by a property and casualty insurance policy.
Source: L. 2012: Entire article added, (SB 12-038), ch. 267, p. 1386, § 1, effective June
6.
6-22-102. Definitions. As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Property owner" means the owner of residential property or the owner's legal
representative.
(2) (a) "Residential property" means:
(I) A detached, one- or two-family dwelling; or
(II) Multiple single-family dwellings that are not more than three stories above grade
plane height and provide separate means of egress.
(b) "Residential property" does not include:
(I) A structure comprising multiple, attached single-family dwellings, unless
maintenance, repair, or replacements of the dwellings' roof is the responsibility of a
condominium association, homeowners' association, common interest community, unit owners'
association, or any other entity subject to the "Colorado Common Interest Ownership Act",
article 33.3 of title 38, C.R.S., regardless of when the entity was formed; or
(II) New construction.
(3) "Roofing contractor" means:
(a) An individual or sole proprietorship that performs roofing work or roofing services in
this state for compensation; or
(b) (I) A firm, partnership, corporation, association, business trust, limited liability
company, or other legal entity that performs or offers to perform roofing work in this state on
residential property for compensation.
(II) As used in subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (b), "association" does not include a
condominium association, homeowners' association, common interest community, unit owners'
association, or any other entity subject to the "Colorado Common Interest Ownership Act",
article 33.3 of title 38, C.R.S., regardless of when the entity was formed.
(4) (a) "Roofing work" or "roofing services" means the construction, reconstruction,
alteration, maintenance, or repair of a roof on a residential property and the use of materials and
items in the construction, reconstruction, alteration, maintenance, and repair of roofing and
waterproofing of roofs, all in a manner to comply with plans, specifications, codes, laws, rules,
regulations, and roofing industry standards for workmanlike performance applicable to the
construction, reconstruction, alteration, maintenance, and repair of roofs on residential
properties.
(b) "Roofing work" or "roofing services" does not include roofing work or services for
which the compensation is one thousand dollars or less per contract.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 193 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 2012: Entire article added, (SB 12-038), ch. 267, p. 1387, § 1, effective June
6.
6-22-103. Contracts for roofing services - writing required - required terms. (1)
Prior to engaging in any roofing work, a roofing contractor shall provide a written contract to the
property owner, signed by both the roofing contractor or his or her designee and the property
owner, stating at least the following terms:
(a) The scope of roofing services and materials to be provided;
(b) The approximate dates of service;
(c) The approximate costs of the services based on damages known at the time the
contract is entered;
(d) The roofing contractor's contact information, including physical address, electronic
mail address, telephone number, and any other contact information available for the roofing
contractor;
(e) Identification of the roofing contractor's surety and liability coverage insurer and
their contact information, if applicable;
(f) (I) The roofing contractor's policy regarding cancellation of the contract and refund
of any deposit, including a rescission clause allowing the property owner to rescind the contract
and obtain a full refund of any deposit within seventy-two hours after entering the contract; and
(II) A written statement that the property owner may rescind a roofing contract pursuant
to section 6-22-104; and
(g) A written statement that if the property owner plans to use the proceeds of a property
and casualty insurance policy issued pursuant to part 1 of article 4 of title 10, C.R.S., to pay for
the roofing work, pursuant to section 6-22-105, the roofing contractor cannot pay, waive, rebate,
or promise to pay, waive, or rebate all or part of any insurance deductible applicable to the
insurance claim for payment for roofing work on the covered residential property.
(2) In addition to the contract terms required in subsection (1) of this section, a roofing
contractor shall include, on the face of the contract, in bold-faced type, a statement indicating
that the roofing contractor shall hold in trust any payment from the property owner until the
roofing contractor has delivered roofing materials at the residential property site or has
performed a majority of the roofing work on the residential property.
Source: L. 2012: Entire article added, (SB 12-038), ch. 267, p. 1388, § 1, effective June
6.
6-22-104. Residential roofing contract - payment from insurance proceeds - right to
rescind - return of payments. (1) (a) A property owner who enters into a written contract with
a roofing contractor to perform roofing work on the property owner's residential property, the
payment for which will be made from the proceeds of a property and casualty insurance policy
issued pursuant to part 1 of article 4 of title 10, C.R.S., may rescind the contract within seventytwo hours after the property owner receives written notice from the property and casualty insurer
that the claim for payment for roofing work on the residential property is denied in whole or in
part. The property owner's right of rescission under this subsection (1) does not apply when the
property and casualty insurer denies, in whole or in part, a claim related to a request for
supplemental roofing services if the damage requiring the supplemental roofing services could
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 194 of 210 Uncertified Printout
not have been reasonably foreseen as a necessary and related roofing service at the time of the
initial roofing inspection or the execution of the initial roofing contract.
(b) The property owner shall give written notice of rescission of the contract to the
roofing contractor at the physical address provided in the contract within seventy-two hours after
he or she is notified of the denial. The property owner may give notice of rescission of the
contract:
(I) In an electronic form, which is effective on the date of the electronic transmission;
(II) By mail, which is effective upon deposit in the United States mail, postage prepaid,
sent to the physical address stated in the contract; or
(III) By personal delivery to the roofing contractor, which is effective upon delivery.
(2) Within ten days after rescission of a contract in accordance with subsection (1) of
this section, the roofing contractor shall return to the property owner any payments or deposits
made by or evidence of indebtedness of the property owner in connection with the contract for
roofing work on the residential property.
(3) Nothing in this section precludes a roofing contractor from retaining all or a portion
of any payments or deposits made by a property owner to compensate the roofing contractor for
roofing work actually performed on the residential property in a workmanlike manner consistent
with standard roofing industry practices, but the roofing contractor may retain only an amount
required to compensate the roofing contractor for the actual work performed.
(4) Nothing in this section abrogates the roofing contractor's right to pursue common law
remedies for the reasonable value of roofing materials ordered and actually installed on the
residential property pursuant to a contract for roofing work before the property owner rescinded
the contract, as long as the roofing contractor performed the roofing services consistent with
roofing industry standards for workmanlike performance of roofing services.
(5) Nothing in this section abrogates a property and casualty insurer's duties,
responsibilities, or liability under sections 10-3-1115 and 10-3-1116, C.R.S.
Source: L. 2012: Entire article added, (SB 12-038), ch. 267, p. 1388, § 1, effective June
6.
6-22-105. Waiver of insurance deductible prohibited. (1) A roofing contractor that
performs roofing work, the payment for which will be made from the proceeds of a property and
casualty insurance policy issued pursuant to part 1 of article 4 of title 10, C.R.S., shall not
advertise or promise to pay, waive, or rebate all or part of any insurance deductible applicable to
the claim for payment for roofing work on the covered residential property.
(2) If a roofing contractor violates subsection (1) of this section:
(a) The insurer to whom the property owner submitted the claim for payment for the
roofing work is not obligated to consider the estimate of costs for the roofing work prepared by
the roofing contractor; and
(b) The property owner whose residential property is insured under the property and
casualty insurance policy or the insurer that issued the policy may bring an action against the
roofing contractor in a court of competent jurisdiction to recover damages sustained by the
property owner or insurer as a consequence of the violation.
(3) A roofing contractor soliciting roofing services in this state shall not claim to be or
act as a public insurance adjuster adjusting claims for losses or damages. Nothing in this article
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 195 of 210 Uncertified Printout
prevents a public insurance adjuster licensed pursuant to section 10-2-417, C.R.S., from acting
or holding himself or herself out as a public insurance adjuster. Nothing in this subsection (3)
precludes a roofing contractor from discussing, on behalf of the property owner, the scope of
repairs with a property and casualty insurer when the roofing contractor has a valid contract with
the property owner of the residential property on which the roofing contractor has contracted to
perform roofing work.
Source: L. 2012: Entire article added, (SB 12-038), ch. 267, p. 1390, § 1, effective June
6.
DIRECT PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
ARTICLE 23
Direct Primary Care
Cross references: For the legislative declaration in HB 17-1115, see section 1 of
chapter 151, Session Laws of Colorado 2017.
6-23-101. Definitions. As used in this section:
(1) "Direct primary care agreement" means a written agreement that:
(a) Is between a patient, his or her legal representative, a government entity, or a
patient's employer and a direct primary health care provider;
(b) Discloses and describes to the patient and to the person paying the direct primary
care fee the primary care services to be provided in exchange for payment of a periodic fee;
(c) Specifies the periodic fee required and any additional fees that may be charged;
(d) May allow the periodic fee and any additional fees to be paid by a third party;
(e) Prohibits the provider from submitting a fee-for-service claim for payment to a health
insurance issuer for primary care services covered under the agreement and states that some
services may be a covered benefit or covered service under the patient's health benefit plan as
defined in section 10-16-102, at no cost to the patient;
(f) Conspicuously and prominently discloses to all parties subject to the agreement that it
is not health insurance and does not meet any individual health benefit plan mandate that may be
required by federal law and the patient is not entitled to health insurance protections for
consumers under title 10; and
(g) Allows either party to terminate the agreement, in writing and with notice, as
specified in the agreement and subject to refund terms and conditions in the agreement.
(2) "Direct primary health care provider" means an individual or legal entity that is
licensed under article 36 or 38 of title 12 to provide primary care services in this state and who
enters into a direct primary care agreement. "Direct primary health care provider" includes an
individual primary care provider or other legal entity, alone or with others professionally
associated with the individual or other legal entity.
(3) "Primary care service" includes the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment
for the purpose of promotion of health or the detection and management of disease or injury
within the competency and training of the primary care provider.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 196 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added, (HB 17-1115), ch. 151, p. 511, § 2, effective
August 9.
6-23-102. Direct primary care - not regulated by the division of insurance. (1)
Direct primary care is not insurance and is not regulated by the commissioner of insurance
pursuant to title 10.
(2) Direct primary health care providers and direct primary care agreements that comply
with this article 23 shall not be considered to be a health maintenance organization, insurer,
insurance producer, or insurance and are not subject to title 10.
(3) Offering or entering into a direct primary care agreement is not the business of
insurance or the practice of underwriting.
(4) A direct primary health care provider or agent of a direct primary health care
provider is not required to obtain a certificate of authority or license to market, sell, or offer to
sell a direct primary care agreement.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added, (HB 17-1115), ch. 151, p. 511, § 2, effective
August 9; (2) amended, (SB 17-294), ch. 264, p. 1417, § 117, effective August 9.
6-23-103. Direct primary health care provider rights. (1) A direct primary health
care provider may:
(a) Decline to accept patients whose health needs exceed the primary care services
offered by the direct primary health care provider; and
(b) Terminate a direct primary care agreement if the termination allows for the transition
of care to another health care provider commensurate with the standards of professional
responsibility within the state.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added, (HB 17-1115), ch. 151, p. 512, § 2, effective
August 9.
6-23-104. Direct primary health care providers - prohibitions. (1) A direct primary
health care provider may not discriminate in the selection of patients on the basis of age,
citizenship status, color, disability, gender or gender identity, genetic information, health status,
national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or any other protected class.
(2) Direct primary health care providers are subject to section 25.5-4-301.
(3) This section does not prevent a direct primary health care provider from providing
primary care to patients who are not party to a direct primary care agreement.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added, (HB 17-1115), ch. 151, p. 512, § 2, effective
August 9.
6-23-105. Enforcement. This article 23 is not subject to enforcement by the attorney
general or the district attorney pursuant to this title 6.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added, (HB 17-1115), ch. 151, p. 512, § 2, effective
August 9.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 197 of 210 Uncertified Printout
CEMETERIES
ARTICLE 24
Cemeteries
Editor's note: This article was added with relocations in 2017. Former C.R.S. section
numbers are shown in editor's notes following those sections that were relocated. For a detailed
comparison of this article, see the comparative tables located in the back of the index.
6-24-101. Definitions. As used in this article 24, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Burial memorial" means any type of gravestone, tombstone, headstone, memorial,
monument, or marker that commemorates the permanent disposition of the remains of a human
body either below or above the surface of the ground.
(2) "Cemetery" means any place, including a mausoleum, in which there is provided
space either below or above the surface of the ground for the interment of the remains of human
bodies. "Cemetery" does not include a cemetery that is owned, operated, or maintained by a
government or governmental agency, by a church or synagogue, by a labor organization, by a
cooperative association as defined in section 7-55-101, by a corporation organized and operated
exclusively for religious purposes, or by a fraternal society, order, or association operating under
the lodge system and exempt from the payment of state income tax and that has as its main
business something other than the ownership, operation, or maintenance of any business
connected with the burial of the dead.
(3) "Cemetery authority" means any person who owns, maintains, or operates a
cemetery.
(4) "Endowment care cemetery" means any cemetery, the authority of which does, or
represents to the public that it does, collect funds for the purpose of caring for, maintaining, or
embellishing the cemetery to preserve it from becoming unkempt or a place of reproach and
desolation. It does not include a cemetery which is owned, operated, or maintained by a
government or governmental agency, by a church, by a labor organization, by a cooperative
association as defined in section 7-55-101, by a corporation organized and operated exclusively
for religious purposes, or by a fraternal society, order, or association operating under the lodge
system and exempt from the payment of state income tax and which has as its main purpose
something other than the ownership, operation, or maintenance of any business connected with
burial of the dead.
(5) "Grave space" means any space in the ground for the interment of the remains of a
human body.
(6) "Inscription" means any words or symbols on a burial memorial.
(7) "Interment" means the permanent disposition of the remains of a deceased person by
cremation, inurnment, entombment, or burial.
(8) "Niche" or "crypt" means a space in any structure above the ground for the interment
of the remains of a human body.
(9) "Nonendowment care cemetery" means any cemetery other than an endowment care
cemetery.
(10) "Person" means a person as defined by section 2-4-401 (8).
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 198 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 977, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-101 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-102. Organization as endowment care cemetery - when. Any person who, after
July 1, 1965, establishes or acquires a cemetery within twenty miles from the exterior boundary
of any city with a population of five thousand or more, according to the latest federal decennial
census, shall be organized as an endowment care cemetery.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 978, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-103 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-103. Nonendowment section in endowment care cemetery. Any cemetery
authority of an endowment care cemetery that has a nonendowed section that is used only as
single graves for indigents may continue to donate the graves for the burial of indigents. Nothing
in this article shall be construed to prevent a cemetery authority of an endowed care cemetery
from donating a grave space for the burial of an indigent person without placing money in the
endowment care fund for the space.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 978, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-104 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-104. Acquisition of land. Any cemetery authority may acquire suitable and
sufficient land for a cemetery in a manner provided by articles 1 to 7 of title 38.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 978, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-105 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-105. Plats of land to be recorded. Any cemetery authority shall cause its land or
the portion thereof as may become necessary for that purpose to be surveyed into blocks, lots,
avenues, and walks and platted. The plat of ground as surveyed shall be acknowledged by some
officer of the cemetery authority and filed for record in the office of the clerk and recorder of the
county in which the land is situated. Each block or lot shall be regularly numbered by the
surveyor, and the numbers shall be marked on the plat.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 979, §
1, effective August 9.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 199 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-106 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-106. Endowment care fund. (1) A cemetery authority of an endowment care
cemetery shall establish an irrevocable endowment care fund for each endowment care cemetery
owned, maintained, or operated by it in a state bank or trust company authorized to act as
fiduciary and under the supervision of the banking board or in a national banking association
authorized to act as fiduciary or in a state or federally chartered savings and loan association
authorized to act as a fiduciary. The endowment care fund shall be invested in investments
lawful for trustees, which shall not include investments in nor mortgages on property owned or
contracted for by the cemetery authority or any owned or affiliated company.
(2) (a) A cemetery authority of an endowment care cemetery shall make deposits in the
endowment care fund or, if it operates more than one endowment care fund, in the appropriate
endowment care fund, in accordance with one of the following plans:
(I) Plan A:
It shall deposit in the fund not more than thirty days after any sale is completed at least
fifteen percent of the sales price of any grave space and at least ten percent of the sales price of
any crypt or niche, and in case any sale has not been completed within sixty months after date of
first payment, it shall deposit in the fund, not later than one month after the sixtieth month, at
least fifteen percent of the sales price of any grave space and at least ten percent of the sales
price of any crypt or niche. A sale is completed at the time the final payment is made and no
balance remains due to the cemetery authority, whether or not a deed has been issued. If a
contract of sale is rewritten, the date of the first payment under the original contract of sale shall
be the date of first payment under the rewritten contract of sale.
(II) Plan B:
It shall deposit, not later than thirty days after the end of the fiscal year in which the
payments are received, fifteen percent of all payments received on account of the sale of any
grave space and at least ten percent of all payments received on account of the sale of a niche or
crypt. This deposit requirement applies to all uncompleted sales contracts that carry an
endowment care provision.
(III) Plan C: (applicable only to sale of niches or crypts in a mausoleum)
It shall deposit in its endowment care fund for the mausoleum, not later than thirteen
months after the end of its fiscal year in which any sale is completed, at least ten percent of the
sale price of any niche or crypt, and in case any sale has not been completed within twenty-four
months after date of first payment, it shall deposit in the fund, not later than one month after the
end of its fiscal year in which the last day of the twenty-four month period occurs, at least ten
percent of the sales price of any niche or crypt. A sale is completed at the time the final payment
is made and no balance remains due to the cemetery authority, whether or not a deed has been
issued. If a contract of sale is rewritten, the date of first payment under the original contract of
sale shall be the date of first payment under the rewritten contract of sale.
(b) As to any endowment care cemetery in operation on July 1, 1965, this subsection (2)
shall only apply to all sales contracts entered into on or after the date.
(3) (a) The cemetery authority of an endowment care cemetery, before commencing
operation, on or after July 1, 1965, shall have on deposit in the endowment care fund a sum in
accordance with the following scale:
For 10,000 or less population $10,000
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 200 of 210 Uncertified Printout
For more than 10,000 but less than 20,000 population $15,000
For 20,000 but less than 25,000 population $20,000
For 25,000 or more population $25,000
(b) "Population" means the people residing within a twenty-mile radius of the location of
the endowment care cemetery, the population figure to be taken from the latest federal decennial
census.
(c) The cemetery authority for the endowment care cemetery shall thereafter make
deposits in accordance with subsection (2) of this section. When the deposits have reached twice
the amount stated in the above table, the cemetery authority may withdraw the sum of the initial
deposit in amounts equal to the amounts deposited thereafter until the initial deposit has been
withdrawn.
(4) A cemetery authority of a nonendowment care cemetery which converts to operation
as an endowment care cemetery on or after July 1, 1965, shall deposit in its endowment care
fund the sum of ten thousand dollars before making any further sale of any grave space or niche
or crypt. The cemetery authority for the cemetery shall thereafter make deposits in accordance
with subsection (2) of this section until total deposits into the endowment care fund have reached
twenty thousand dollars. It may thereafter withdraw from the initial ten thousand dollar deposit
amounts equal to the amounts of deposits thereafter made until the entire ten thousand dollar
initial deposit has been withdrawn and replaced by deposits in accordance with subsection (2) of
this section.
(5) The cemetery authority of an endowment care cemetery that constructs foundations
for the setting of markers or memorials and receives payment for the care of the markers or
memorials as part of the cost of foundation construction, setting charges, or itemized endowment
requirements shall deposit all of the care payments in their irrevocable endowment care fund not
later than one month after the end of its fiscal year in which the payments are received.
(6) The cemetery authority of an endowment care cemetery shall keep in its principal
office a copy of the report referred to in section 6-24-107, which shall be available to any grave
space, niche, or crypt owner or his or her duly authorized representative for inspection and study.
(7) (a) The endowment care fund, for all purposes, shall constitute a nonprofit
irrevocable trust fund. The fiduciary shall not distribute principal from an endowment care fund;
except that principal may be distributed from the fund to the extent that a unitrust election is in
effect under subsection (8)(a)(II) of this section.
(b) Endowment care is a provision for the benefit and protection of the public by
preserving and keeping cemeteries from becoming unkempt and places of reproach and
desolation in the communities in which they are situated. The income from the fund is for the
benefit of the public for the purposes provided for in the trust agreement.
(8) (a) The cemetery authority of an endowment care cemetery may choose the
distribution as income of either of the following from the endowment care fund:
(I) All net income, including net realized capital gains; or
(II) An amount set and administered in accordance with section 15-1-404.5 for unitrust
elections.
(b) (I) A cemetery authority may request that the fiduciary convert an endowment care
fund to a unitrust. To take effect during a specific calendar year, the request must be made by
delivering written instructions to the fund's fiduciary by November 2 of the year before the trust
is converted. Once the fiduciary and the cemetery authority agree on the terms and conditions of
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 201 of 210 Uncertified Printout
conversion, the distribution method, and the distribution rate, these terms remain in effect until
the fiduciary and the cemetery authority agree to a change.
(II) Disbursements from the trust shall be made on a monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, or
annual basis, as agreed upon by the cemetery authority and the fiduciary. If the fiduciary and
cemetery authority are in agreement, the fiduciary need not obtain any court approval or notify a
court to set or change the timing of disbursements.
(III) The fiduciary is subject to section 15-1-404.5 when administering an endowment
care fund for which the unitrust election has been made; except that, in the event of a conflict
between this section and section 15-1-404.5, this section controls.
(c) If the fiduciary does not receive written instructions from the cemetery authority
informing the fiduciary of the method of income distribution chosen, then the fiduciary shall
calculate and disburse the earned net income under subsection (8)(a)(I) of this section on a
monthly basis.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 979, §
1, effective August 9; (7) amended and (8) added, (HB 17-1096), ch. 65, p. 206, § 1, effective
August 9.
Editor's note: (1) This section is similar to former § 12-12-109 as it existed prior to
2017.
(2) Subsections (7) and (8) were numbered as § 12-12-109 (7) and (8), respectively, in
HB 17-1096 (See L. 2017, p. 206). Those provisions were harmonized with this section as it
appears in HB 17-1244.
6-24-107. Reports. (1) Each cemetery authority shall keep on file annually, within three
months after the end of its fiscal year, a written report setting forth:
(a) The total amount deposited in the endowment care fund, listing separately the total
amounts paid for endowment of grave spaces, for niches, and for crypts, in accordance with the
provisions of section 6-24-106;
(b) The total amount of endowment care funds invested in each of the investments
authorized by law and the amount of cash on hand not invested;
(c) Any other facts necessary to show the actual financial condition of the fund; and
(d) The total number of interments and entombments for the preceding year.
(2) Each report shall be verified by the owner or by the president or the vice-president
and one other officer of the cemetery authority and shall be attested to by the accountant,
auditor, or other person preparing the same.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 981, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-110 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-108. Delivery of copy of contract - required. A duplicate original of any contract
entered into between a purchaser of any lot, grave space, interment right, niche, or crypt and any
cemetery authority shall be given to the buyer at the time both parties become bound by the
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 202 of 210 Uncertified Printout
contract and any consideration whatsoever is given by the buyer and retained pursuant to the
contract by the cemetery authority.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 981, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-113 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-109. Burial memorial - changes - notice of ownership. (1) No person other than
the owner of a burial memorial or a person authorized by the owner of the burial memorial shall
make a change to the inscription on the burial memorial.
(2) If a burial memorial is to be placed at a grave space, niche, or crypt that is purchased
on or after July 1, 2004, the cemetery authority shall give written notice to the purchaser of the
grave space, niche, or crypt of who shall be the owner of the burial memorial and, as owner, who
shall be entitled to make or authorize a change to the inscription on the burial memorial.
(3) Any person violating the provisions of subsection (1) of this section commits the
crime of defacing property as defined in section 18-4-509 (1)(b).
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 981, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-113.5 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-110. Discrimination. There shall be no limitation, restriction, or covenant based
upon race, color, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, national origin, or ancestry on
the size, placement, location, sale, or transfer of any cemetery grave space, niche, or crypt or in
the interment of a deceased person.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 982, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-114 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-111. Violations - penalties. (1) It is unlawful for any person to sell or offer to sell
a grave space, niche, or crypt upon the promise, representation, or inducement of resale at a
financial profit.
(2) Any person who violates any provision of this article is guilty of a misdemeanor and,
upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars, or by
imprisonment in the county jail for not more than one year, or by both a fine and imprisonment.
Whenever any person has reason to believe that any person is liable to punishment under this
article, the person may certify the facts to the district attorney of the judicial district in which the
alleged violation occurred who shall cause appropriate proceedings to be brought.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 982, §
1, effective August 9.
Colorado Revised Statutes 2018 Page 203 of 210 Uncertified Printout
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-115 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-24-112. Abandoned graves - right to reclaim. (1) If there is a lot, grave space,
niche, or crypt in a cemetery in which no remains have been interred, no burial memorial has
been placed, and no other improvement has been made for a continuous period of no less than
seventy-five years, a cemetery authority may initiate the process of reclaiming title to the lot,
grave space, niche, or crypt in accordance with this section.
(2) A cemetery authority seeking to reclaim a lot, grave space, niche, or crypt shall:
(a) Send written notice of the cemetery authority's intent to reclaim title to the lot, grave
space, niche, or crypt to the owner's last-known address by first-class mail; and
(b) Publish a notice of the cemetery authority's intent to reclaim title to the lot, grave
space, niche, or crypt in a newspaper of general circulation in the area in which the cemetery is
located once per week for four weeks.
(3) The notice required by subsection (2) of this section shall clearly indicate that the
cemetery authority intends to terminate the owner's rights and title to the lot, grave space, niche,
or crypt and include a recitation of the owner's right to notify the cemetery authority of the
owner's intent to retain ownership of the lot, grave space, niche, or crypt.
(4) If the cemetery authority does not receive from the owner of the lot, grave space,
niche, or crypt a letter of intent to retain ownership of the lot, grave space, niche, or crypt within
sixty days after the last publication of the notice required by subsection (2)(b) of this section, all
rights and title to the lot, grave space, niche, or crypt shall transfer to the cemetery authority. The
cemetery authority may then sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of the lot, grave space, niche, or
crypt without risk of liability to the prior owner of the lot, grave space, niche, or crypt.
(5) A cemetery authority that reclaims title to a lot, grave space, niche, or crypt in
accordance with this section shall retain in its records for no less than one year a copy of the
notice sent pursuant to subsection (2)(a) of this section and a copy of the notice published
pursuant to subsection (2)(b) of this section.
(6) If a person submits to a cemetery authority a legitimate claim to a lot, grave space,
niche, or crypt that the cemetery authority has reclaimed pursuant to this section, the cemetery
authority shall transfer to the person at no charge a lot, grave space, niche, or crypt that, to the
extent possible, is equivalent to the reclaimed lot, grave space, niche, or crypt.
(7) Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, on and after August 7, 2006, a
cemetery authority shall not convey title to the real property surveyed as a lot in a cemetery for
use as a burial space. A cemetery authority may grant interment rights to a lot, grave space,
niche, or crypt in a cemetery.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1244), ch. 239, p. 982, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-12-116 as it existed prior to 2017.
PUBLIC ESTABLISHMENTS
ARTICLE 25
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Public Establishments
Editor's note: This article was added with relocations in 2017. Former C.R.S. section
numbers are shown in editor's notes following those sections that were relocated. For a detailed
comparison of this article, see the comparative tables located in the back of the index.
PART 1
HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS
6-25-101. Definitions - evidence of intent. As used in this part 1, unless the context
otherwise requires:
(1) "Agreement with the public establishment" means any written or verbal agreement as
to the price to be charged for, and the acceptance of, food, beverage, service, or accommodations
where the price to be charged therefor is printed on a menu or schedule of rates shown to or
made available by a public establishment to the patron and includes the acceptance of the food,
beverage, service, or accommodations for which a reasonable charge is made.
(2) "Notice", as used in section 6-25-104, shall be given by posting a printed copy of
sections 6-25-101 to 6-25-104 at any conspicuous place within the sleeping accommodations.
(3) "Public establishment" means any establishment selling or offering for sale prepared
food or beverages to the public generally, or any establishment leasing or renting overnight
sleeping accommodations to the public generally, including, but not exclusively, restaurants,
cafes, dining rooms, lunch counters, coffee shops, boarding houses, hotels, motor hotels, motels,
and rooming houses, unless the rental thereof is on a month-to-month basis or a longer period of
time.
(4) It shall be evidence of an intent to defraud that food, service, or accommodations
were given to any person who gave false information concerning his or her name or address, or
both, in obtaining the food, service, or accommodations, or that the person removed or attempted
to remove his or her baggage from the premises of the public establishment without giving
notice of his or her intent to do so to the public establishment. These provisions shall not
constitute the sole means of establishing evidence that a person accused under this part 1 had an
intent to defraud. Proof of intent to defraud may be made by any facts or circumstances
sufficient to establish the intent to defraud beyond a reasonable doubt as provided by law.
(5) If any person, partnership, or corporation shall by written or verbal complaint, or
otherwise, institute or cause to be instituted any prosecution for any violation of this section and
shall thereafter, whether or not restitution is sought or received from the alleged offender, fail to
cooperate in the full prosecution of the alleged offender without reasonable cause, the court
having jurisdiction, on motion of the prosecuting attorney appearing therein and, after notice to
the person, partnership, or corporation and an opportunity to be heard, may give judgment
against the person, partnership, or corporation and in favor of the county wherein prosecution
was commenced for all costs of the prosecution, including a reasonable allowance for the time of
the prosecuting attorney.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 985, §
1, effective August 9.
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Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-101 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-102. Public establishment - vendor contract. A contract between a vendor and a
public establishment shall be invalid unless the vendor enters into the contract directly with the
public establishment's owner, general manager, or a person with authority to enter into a contract
as specifically designated in writing by the owner or general manager. The acceptance of
delivered items by a public establishment from a vendor that includes an invoice stating the
terms of a contract shall not constitute acceptance of the terms and the contract shall be void.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 986, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-101.5 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-103. Defrauding an innkeeper. A person who, with intent to defraud, procures
food or accommodations from a public establishment without making payment therefor in
accordance with his or her agreement with the public establishment is guilty of a misdemeanor if
the total amount due under the agreement is one thousand dollars or less and, upon conviction
thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in
the county jail for not more than ninety days, or by both the fine and imprisonment; and, if the
amount due under the agreement is more than one thousand dollars, the person commits a class 6
felony and shall be punished as provided in section 18-1.3-401.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 986, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-102 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-104. Notice prerequisite to conviction. No conviction shall be had under section
6-25-103, unless it is made to appear upon the trial for a violation of section 6-25-103 that the
person charged with the violation was given notice of the terms and provisions of sections 6-25-
101 to 6-25-104.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 986, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-103 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-105. Jurisdiction. Jurisdiction of cases arising under sections 6-25-101 to 6-25-
104 and appeals from judgments in the cases shall be as provided by statute.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 987, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-104 as it existed prior to 2017.
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6-25-106. Safe for valuables - notice. Every landlord or keeper of a hotel or public inn
in this state who provides in the office of his or her hotel, inn, or other convenient place a safe,
vault, or other suitable receptacle, for the secure custody of money, jewelry, ornaments, or other
valuable articles other than necessary baggage belonging to the guests or patrons of the hotel or
public inn, and who keeps posted in a public and conspicuous place in the office, public room,
and public parlors of the hotel or public inn, and upon the inside entrance door of every public
sleeping room in the hotel or public inn a notice printed in English stating the fact, shall not be
liable for the loss of any money, jewelry, ornaments, or other valuable articles, other than
necessary baggage, sustained by the guest or patron by theft or otherwise, unless the guest or
patron delivers the money, jewelry, ornaments, or other valuable articles, other than necessary
baggage, to the landlord or keeper of the hotel or public inn, or person in charge of the office of
the hotel or public inn, for deposit in the safe, vault, or other receptacle. The liability shall not be
greater than the amount at the time of deposit declared by the guest or patron to be the value of
the article deposited.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 987, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-105 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-107. Maximum amount landlord bound to receive. No landlord or keeper of any
hotel or public inn is obliged to receive property from any guest or patron for custody under the
provisions of section 6-25-106, exceeding in value the sum of five thousand dollars, nor is he or
she liable for any loss thereof by theft or otherwise in any sum exceeding the sum of five
thousand dollars, unless the landlord or keeper of the hotel or public inn, or person in charge of
the office, assumes in writing a greater liability.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 987, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-106 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-108. Landlord not responsible - when. The landlord or keeper of any hotel or
public inn shall not be liable to any guest or patron of the hotel or public inn for the loss within
his or her hotel or public inn of any article of wearing apparel or other necessary baggage
belonging to any guest or patron, unless the same had been left within a room assigned to the
guest or patron, or had been especially entrusted to the care or custody of the landlord or keeper
of the hotel or public inn, or to an employee or servant thereof entrusted with the duty of
receiving or caring for the article in the hotel or public inn.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 987, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-107 as it existed prior to 2017.
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6-25-109. Responsibility when key furnished. When the landlord or keeper of any
hotel or public inn provides the doors of the rooms or sleeping apartments in the hotel or public
inn with locks and keys in good order and repair and the room or sleeping apartment is turned
over to the possession of any guest or patron together with the key to the door thereof, the
landlord or keeper of the hotel or public inn shall not be liable to any guest or patron thereof
occupying the room or apartment for loss of any article of personal property left within the room
or apartment by the guest or patron while in possession thereof, unless the door in the room or
apartment was left locked when unoccupied, and after being locked the key thereto was
delivered to the person in charge of the office of the hotel or public inn. If any article of personal
property is taken by an employee or servant of the landlord or keeper of the hotel or public inn,
then the provisions of this section shall not prevent the guest or patron from recovering the value
of the article, not to exceed the sum of two hundred dollars for all the articles.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 987, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-108 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-110. Maximum liability for articles lost from rooms. The landlord or keeper of
any hotel or public inn shall not be liable for the loss of any article left by any guest or patron in
any room assigned to or occupied by the guest or patron, greater, in any event, than the sum of
two hundred dollars for all articles that may be lost by the guest or patron, except by an
agreement in writing made by the landlord or keeper of the hotel or public inn, or person in
charge of the office, assuming a greater liability.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 988, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-109 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-111. Liability for baggage left by guest. In case any person who has been the
guest or patron of any hotel or public inn ceases to be a guest or patron and leaves with the
landlord or keeper of the hotel or public inn any baggage or other personal property for
safekeeping, and the landlord or keeper accepts and receives the same for safekeeping, and
makes no charge for services or storage in keeping the property, then the landlord or keeper of a
hotel or public inn shall be liable only as a gratuitous bailee and as such shall be liable for no
sum greater than fifty dollars.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 988, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-110 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-112. Liability in case of fire or accident. The landlord or keeper of any hotel or
public inn shall not be liable for loss of or damage to the property of any guest or patron of the
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hotel or public inn by fire or by any unforeseen causes or by inevitable accident, unless the loss
or damage occurs on account of his or her negligence or the negligence of his or her servants or
employees.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 988, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-111 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-113. Liability limited to damages. None of the provisions of sections 6-25-106 to
6-25-113 shall be construed to render the landlord or keeper of a hotel or public inn in this state
liable in a greater sum than the actual loss or damage sustained.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 988, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-112 as it existed prior to 2017.
PART 2
INNKEEPERS' RIGHTS
6-25-201. Definitions. As used in this part 2, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Innkeeper" means the owner, operator, or manager of a lodging establishment.
(2) "Lodging establishment" means a bed and breakfast, as defined in section 44-3-103
(4), or a hotel, motel, resort, or public inn, as defined in section 6-25-101 (3).
(3) "Minor" means a person under eighteen years of age.
(4) "Resort" means a hotel with related sports and recreational facilities for the
convenience of its guests or the general public located contiguous or adjacent to the hotel.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 988, §
1, effective August 9. L. 2018: (2) amended, (HB 18-1025), ch. 152, p. 1077, § 4, effective
October 1.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-301 as it existed prior to 2017.
6-25-202. Innkeepers' right to refuse accommodations - exceptions. (1) An
innkeeper has the right to refuse or deny accommodations, facilities, and the privileges of a
lodging establishment to any person who is not willing or able to pay for the accommodations,
facilities, and services. The innkeeper shall have the right to require a prospective guest to
demonstrate his or her ability to pay by cash, valid credit card, or a validated check, and if the
prospective guest is a minor, the innkeeper may require a parent or legal guardian of the minor
or other responsible adult:
(a) To provide a valid credit card number or agree, in writing, to pay for the cost of:
(I) The guest room, including applicable taxes;
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(II) All charges made by the minor; and
(III) Any damages caused by the minor or the minor's guests to the guest room or its
furnishings; or
(b) To provide an advance cash payment to cover the cost of the guest room for all
nights reserved, including applicable taxes, plus a cash deposit to be held toward the payment of
any charges made by the minor and any damages to the guest room or its furnishings. The cash
deposit shall be refunded, unless applied to charges or damages, following a joint inspection of
the room. It is the obligation of the guest to join the innkeeper during the inspection. Should the
guest fail to join the innkeeper, the guest thereby waives his or her right to the joint inspection.
The refund, if any, shall immediately be made to the extent it is not used to cover the described
charges or damages.
Source: L. 2017: Entire article added with relocations, (HB 17-1245), ch. 240, p. 989, §
1, effective August 9.
Editor's note: This section is similar to former § 12-44-302 as it existed prior to 2017.
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