Serious Security: The Linux kernel bugs that surfaced after 15 years – Naked Security
Serious Security: The Linux kernel bugs that surfaced after 15 years
17 MAR 2021
5
Linux, Vulnerability
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by Paul Ducklin
Researchers at cybersecurity company GRIMM recently published an interesting trio of bugs they found in the Linux kernel…
…in code that had been sitting there inconspicuously for some 15 years.
Fortunately, it seemed that no one else had looked at the code for all that time, at least not diligently enough to spot the bugs, so they’re now patched and the three CVEs they found are now fixed:
CVE-2021-27365. Exploitable heap buffer overflow due to the use of sprintf().
CVE-2021-27363. Kernel address leak due to pointer used as unique ID.
CVE-2021-27364. Buffer overread leading to data leakage or denial of service (kernel panic).
The bugs were found in the kernel code that implements iSCSI, a component that implements the venerable SCSI data interface over the network, so you can talk to SCSI devices such as tape and disk drives that aren’t connected directly to your own computer.
Of course, if you don’t use SCSI or iSCSI anywhere in your network any more, you’re probably shrugging right now and thinking, “No worries for me, I don’t have any of the iSCSI kernel drivers loaded because I’m simply not using them.”
After all, buggy kernel code can’t be exploited if it’s just sitting around on disk – it has to get loaded into memory and actively used before it can cause any trouble.
Except, of course, that most (or at least many) Linux systems not only come with hundreds or even thousands of kernel modules in the /lib/modules directory tree, ready to use in case they are ever needed, but also come configured to allow suitably authorised apps to trigger the automatic loading of modules on demand.
Note. As far as we’re aware, these bugs were patched in the following officially-maintained Linux kernels, all dated 2021-03-07: 5.11.4, 5.10.21, 5.4.103, 4.19.179, 4.1.4.224, 4.9.260, 4.4.260. If you have a vendor-modified kernel or an unofficial series kernel not on this list, consult your distro maker. To check your kernel version, run uname -r at a command prompt.
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For example, my own Linux system comes with nearly 4500 just-in-case-you-ever-need-them kernel modules:
root@slack:/lib/modules/5.10.23# find . -name '*.ko'
./kernel/arch/x86/crypto/aegis128-aesni.ko
./kernel/arch/x86/crypto/blake2s-x86_64.ko
./kernel/arch/x86/crypto/blowfish-x86_64.ko
[...4472 lines deleted...]
./kernel/sound/usb/usx2y/snd-usb-usx2y.ko
./kernel/sound/x86/snd-hdmi-lpe-audio.ko
./kernel/virt/lib/irqbypass.ko
#
I guess I might need the Blowfish cipher module some day, but because I don’t have any software that I expect to use it, I could probably do without the blowfish-x86_64.ko driver.
And although I really wouldn’t mind owning one of Tascam’s rather cool Ux2y sound cards (e.g. US122, US224, US428), I don’t really have the need or space for one, so I doubt I’ll ever need the snd-usb-usx2y.ko driver, either.
Yet there they are, and by accident or design, any of those drivers could end up loaded automatically, depending on the software I happen to use, even if I’m not running as a root user at the time.
Worth a second look
The potential risk posed by unloved, unused and mostly overlooked drivers is what made GRIMM look twice at the abovementioned bugs.
The researchers were able to find software that an unprivileged attacker could run in order to activate the buggy driver code they’d found, and they were able to produce working exploits that could variously:
Perform privilege escalation to promote a regular user to have kernel-level superpowers.
Extract kernel memory addresses in order to facilitate other attacks that need to know where kernel code is loaded in memory.
Crash the kernel, and therefore with it the whole system.
Read snippets of data out of kernel memory that was supposed to be off-limits.
As uncertain and as limited in scope as the last exploit sounds, it looks as though the data that an unprivileged user might be able to peek at could include fragments of data being transferred during genuine iSCSI device accesses.
If so, this means, in theory, that a crook with an unprivileged account on a server where iSCSI was in use might be able to run an innocent-looking program to sit in the background, sniffing out a random selection of privileged data from memory.
Even a fragmented and unstructured stream of confidential data snatched intermittently out of a privileged process (remember the infamous Heartbleed bug?) could allow dangerous secrets to escape.
Don’t forget how easy it is for computer software to recognise and “scrape up” data patterns as they fly past in RAM, such as credit card numbers and email addresses.
The bugs revisited
Above, we mentioned that the first bug in this set was due to “use of sprintf()“.
That’s a C function that’s short for formatted print into string, and it’s a way of printing out a text message into a block of memory so you can use it later.
For example, this code…
char buf[64]; /* Reserve a 64-byte block of bytes */
char *str = "42"; /* Actually has 3 bytes, thus: '4' '2' NUL */
/* Trailing zero auto-added: 0x34 0x32 0x00 */
sprintf(buf,"Answer is %s",str)
…would leave the memory block buf containing the 12 characters “Answer is 42“, followed by a zero byte terminator (ASCII NUL), followed by 51 untouched bytes at the end of the 64-byte buffer.
However, sprintf() is always dangerous and should never be used, because it doesn’t check if there’s enough space in the final memory block for the printed data to fit.
Above, if the string stored in the variable str is longer than 54 bytes, including the zero byte at the end, then it won’t fit into buf along with the extra text “Answer is “.
Even worse, if the text data str doesn’t have a zero byte at the end, which is how C denotes when to stop copying a string, you might accidentally copy thousands or even millions of bytes that follow str in memory until you just happen to hit a zero byte, by which time you would almost certainly have crashed the kernel.
Modern code shouldn’t use C functions that can perform memory copies of unlimited length – use snprintf(), which means format and print at most N bytes into string, and its friends instead.
Don’t give out your address
The second bug above arose from using memory addresses as unique identifiers.
That sounds like a good idea: if you need to denote a data object in your kernel code with an ID number that won’t clash with any other object in your code, you can just use the numbers 1, 2, 3 and so on, adding one every time, and solve the problem.
But if you want a unique identifier that won’t clash with any other numbered object in the kernel, you might think, “Why not use the memory address where my object is stored, because it’s obviously unique, given that two objects can’t be at the same place in kernel RAM at the same time?” (Not unless there’s a already a crisis with memory usage.)
The problem is that if your object ID is ever visible outside the kernel, for example so that untrusted programs in so-called userland can refer to it, you’ve just given away information about the internal layout of kernel memory, and that’s not supposed to happen.
Modern kernels use what’s called KASLR, short for kernel address space layout randomisation, specifically to stop unprivileged users from figuring out the exact internal layout of the kernel.
If you’ve ever done any lock-picking (it’s a popular and surprisingly relaxing hobby amongst hackers and cybersecurity researchers – you can even buy transparent locks for educational fun), you’ll know it’s a lot easier if you already know how the lock’s mechanism is laid out internally.
Similarly, knowing exactly what’s been loaded where inside the kernel almost always makes other bugs such as buffer overflows much easier to exploit.
What to do?
Update your kernel. If you rely on your distro creator for new kernels, be sure to get the latest update. See above for the version numbers in which these bugs were patched.
Don’t use C programming functions that are known to be troublesome. Avoid any memory accessing function that doesn’t keep track of the maximum amount of data to use. Keep track of the officially documented “safe C string functions” for your chosen operating system or programming environment and use them whenever you can. This gives you a better chance of preventing memory overruns.
Don’t use memory addresses as handles or “unique” IDs. If you can’t use a counter that you just increase by 1 every time, use a random number of at least 128 bits instead. These are sometimes known as UUIDs, for univerally unique identifiers. Use a high-quality random source such as /dev/urandom on Linux and macOS, or BCryptGenRandom() on Windows.
Consider locking down kernel module loading to prevent surprises. If you set the Linux system variable kernel.modules_disable=1 once your server has booted up and is running correctly, no more modules can be loaded, whether by accident or by design, and this setting can only be turned off by rebooting. Use sysctl -w kernel.modules_disable=1 or echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/modules_disable.
Consider identifying and keeping only the kernel modules you need. You can either build a static kernel with only the required modules compiled in, or create a kernel package for your servers with all unnecessary modules removed. With a static kernel, you can turn off module loading altogether if you wish.
17 MAR 2021
5
Linux, Vulnerability
Get the latest security news in your inbox.
[email protected]
Don't show me this again
Previous: Bitcoin scammer who hacked celeb Twitter accounts gets 3 years
Next: S3 Ep24: How not to get snooped, scammed or hoaxed [Podcast]
by Paul Ducklin
Researchers at cybersecurity company GRIMM recently published an interesting trio of bugs they found in the Linux kernel…
…in code that had been sitting there inconspicuously for some 15 years.
Fortunately, it seemed that no one else had looked at the code for all that time, at least not diligently enough to spot the bugs, so they’re now patched and the three CVEs they found are now fixed:
CVE-2021-27365. Exploitable heap buffer overflow due to the use of sprintf().
CVE-2021-27363. Kernel address leak due to pointer used as unique ID.
CVE-2021-27364. Buffer overread leading to data leakage or denial of service (kernel panic).
The bugs were found in the kernel code that implements iSCSI, a component that implements the venerable SCSI data interface over the network, so you can talk to SCSI devices such as tape and disk drives that aren’t connected directly to your own computer.
Of course, if you don’t use SCSI or iSCSI anywhere in your network any more, you’re probably shrugging right now and thinking, “No worries for me, I don’t have any of the iSCSI kernel drivers loaded because I’m simply not using them.”
After all, buggy kernel code can’t be exploited if it’s just sitting around on disk – it has to get loaded into memory and actively used before it can cause any trouble.
Except, of course, that most (or at least many) Linux systems not only come with hundreds or even thousands of kernel modules in the /lib/modules directory tree, ready to use in case they are ever needed, but also come configured to allow suitably authorised apps to trigger the automatic loading of modules on demand.
Note. As far as we’re aware, these bugs were patched in the following officially-maintained Linux kernels, all dated 2021-03-07: 5.11.4, 5.10.21, 5.4.103, 4.19.179, 4.1.4.224, 4.9.260, 4.4.260. If you have a vendor-modified kernel or an unofficial series kernel not on this list, consult your distro maker. To check your kernel version, run uname -r at a command prompt.
OTHERS STOP AT NOTIFICATION. WE TAKE ACTION
Get 24/7 managed threat hunting, detection, and response delivered by Sophos experts
Learn more
For example, my own Linux system comes with nearly 4500 just-in-case-you-ever-need-them kernel modules:
root@slack:/lib/modules/5.10.23# find . -name '*.ko'
./kernel/arch/x86/crypto/aegis128-aesni.ko
./kernel/arch/x86/crypto/blake2s-x86_64.ko
./kernel/arch/x86/crypto/blowfish-x86_64.ko
[...4472 lines deleted...]
./kernel/sound/usb/usx2y/snd-usb-usx2y.ko
./kernel/sound/x86/snd-hdmi-lpe-audio.ko
./kernel/virt/lib/irqbypass.ko
#
I guess I might need the Blowfish cipher module some day, but because I don’t have any software that I expect to use it, I could probably do without the blowfish-x86_64.ko driver.
And although I really wouldn’t mind owning one of Tascam’s rather cool Ux2y sound cards (e.g. US122, US224, US428), I don’t really have the need or space for one, so I doubt I’ll ever need the snd-usb-usx2y.ko driver, either.
Yet there they are, and by accident or design, any of those drivers could end up loaded automatically, depending on the software I happen to use, even if I’m not running as a root user at the time.
Worth a second look
The potential risk posed by unloved, unused and mostly overlooked drivers is what made GRIMM look twice at the abovementioned bugs.
The researchers were able to find software that an unprivileged attacker could run in order to activate the buggy driver code they’d found, and they were able to produce working exploits that could variously:
Perform privilege escalation to promote a regular user to have kernel-level superpowers.
Extract kernel memory addresses in order to facilitate other attacks that need to know where kernel code is loaded in memory.
Crash the kernel, and therefore with it the whole system.
Read snippets of data out of kernel memory that was supposed to be off-limits.
As uncertain and as limited in scope as the last exploit sounds, it looks as though the data that an unprivileged user might be able to peek at could include fragments of data being transferred during genuine iSCSI device accesses.
If so, this means, in theory, that a crook with an unprivileged account on a server where iSCSI was in use might be able to run an innocent-looking program to sit in the background, sniffing out a random selection of privileged data from memory.
Even a fragmented and unstructured stream of confidential data snatched intermittently out of a privileged process (remember the infamous Heartbleed bug?) could allow dangerous secrets to escape.
Don’t forget how easy it is for computer software to recognise and “scrape up” data patterns as they fly past in RAM, such as credit card numbers and email addresses.
The bugs revisited
Above, we mentioned that the first bug in this set was due to “use of sprintf()“.
That’s a C function that’s short for formatted print into string, and it’s a way of printing out a text message into a block of memory so you can use it later.
For example, this code…
char buf[64]; /* Reserve a 64-byte block of bytes */
char *str = "42"; /* Actually has 3 bytes, thus: '4' '2' NUL */
/* Trailing zero auto-added: 0x34 0x32 0x00 */
sprintf(buf,"Answer is %s",str)
…would leave the memory block buf containing the 12 characters “Answer is 42“, followed by a zero byte terminator (ASCII NUL), followed by 51 untouched bytes at the end of the 64-byte buffer.
However, sprintf() is always dangerous and should never be used, because it doesn’t check if there’s enough space in the final memory block for the printed data to fit.
Above, if the string stored in the variable str is longer than 54 bytes, including the zero byte at the end, then it won’t fit into buf along with the extra text “Answer is “.
Even worse, if the text data str doesn’t have a zero byte at the end, which is how C denotes when to stop copying a string, you might accidentally copy thousands or even millions of bytes that follow str in memory until you just happen to hit a zero byte, by which time you would almost certainly have crashed the kernel.
Modern code shouldn’t use C functions that can perform memory copies of unlimited length – use snprintf(), which means format and print at most N bytes into string, and its friends instead.
Don’t give out your address
The second bug above arose from using memory addresses as unique identifiers.
That sounds like a good idea: if you need to denote a data object in your kernel code with an ID number that won’t clash with any other object in your code, you can just use the numbers 1, 2, 3 and so on, adding one every time, and solve the problem.
But if you want a unique identifier that won’t clash with any other numbered object in the kernel, you might think, “Why not use the memory address where my object is stored, because it’s obviously unique, given that two objects can’t be at the same place in kernel RAM at the same time?” (Not unless there’s a already a crisis with memory usage.)
The problem is that if your object ID is ever visible outside the kernel, for example so that untrusted programs in so-called userland can refer to it, you’ve just given away information about the internal layout of kernel memory, and that’s not supposed to happen.
Modern kernels use what’s called KASLR, short for kernel address space layout randomisation, specifically to stop unprivileged users from figuring out the exact internal layout of the kernel.
If you’ve ever done any lock-picking (it’s a popular and surprisingly relaxing hobby amongst hackers and cybersecurity researchers – you can even buy transparent locks for educational fun), you’ll know it’s a lot easier if you already know how the lock’s mechanism is laid out internally.
Similarly, knowing exactly what’s been loaded where inside the kernel almost always makes other bugs such as buffer overflows much easier to exploit.
What to do?
Update your kernel. If you rely on your distro creator for new kernels, be sure to get the latest update. See above for the version numbers in which these bugs were patched.
Don’t use C programming functions that are known to be troublesome. Avoid any memory accessing function that doesn’t keep track of the maximum amount of data to use. Keep track of the officially documented “safe C string functions” for your chosen operating system or programming environment and use them whenever you can. This gives you a better chance of preventing memory overruns.
Don’t use memory addresses as handles or “unique” IDs. If you can’t use a counter that you just increase by 1 every time, use a random number of at least 128 bits instead. These are sometimes known as UUIDs, for univerally unique identifiers. Use a high-quality random source such as /dev/urandom on Linux and macOS, or BCryptGenRandom() on Windows.
Consider locking down kernel module loading to prevent surprises. If you set the Linux system variable kernel.modules_disable=1 once your server has booted up and is running correctly, no more modules can be loaded, whether by accident or by design, and this setting can only be turned off by rebooting. Use sysctl -w kernel.modules_disable=1 or echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/modules_disable.
Consider identifying and keeping only the kernel modules you need. You can either build a static kernel with only the required modules compiled in, or create a kernel package for your servers with all unnecessary modules removed. With a static kernel, you can turn off module loading altogether if you wish.
